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{{Disclaimer|This subject has an article on {{SITENAME}} for informational purposes as [[terminology]] relevant to learning more about the [[LGBTQIA+]] community, rather than being an [[:Category:LGBTQIA+ identities|identity]] that is part of it. {{PAGENAME}} people may or may not be LGBTQIA+ due to other identifiers.}}
 
{{Infobox
  
{{Infobox
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| image = Transgender Flag.svg
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| image = Tricolor Polyamory Pride Flag.png
 
| caption =
 
| caption =
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| altname = Poly, Polyam, Polyamory<br />Ethical Non-Monogomy<ref name="BBCENM">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20210326-ethical-non-monogamy-the-rise-of-multi-partner-relationships|title=Ethical non-monogamy: the rise of multi-partner relationships|author=Klein, Jessica|publisher=BBC|date=2021-03-26}}</ref>
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| altname = Trans
  
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| term =
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| term = *Identity term
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*Relationship type
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| spectrum =
 
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| gender =
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| spectrum = Consensual non-monogamous
 
| attracted =
 
| attracted =
 
| attractedtype =
 
| attractedtype =
 
| romance =
 
| romance =
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| different = * [[Intersex]]
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| sexuality =
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| different = *Polygamous
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* [[Non-binary]]
  
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*[[Polyromantic]]
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*[[Polysexual]]
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*[[Polygender]]
 
}}
  
}}
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A '''polyamorous''' relationship is one in which one or more of the participants are involved romantically or sexually with more than one individual at a time.<ref name="Greatest">{{Cite web|url=https://greatist.com/connect/polyamorous|title=Greatest Guide to Polyamory: Myth vs Fact|author=Bass, Lianna|publisher=Greatest|date=2021-12-22}}</ref> Each person involved in the relationship consents to the situation and is aware of the non-monogamous nature.<ref name="SDRP">{{Cite web|url=https://www.sdrelationshipplace.com/types-of-polyamorous-relationships/|title=Types of Polyamorous Relationships|author=Geldean, Amy|publisher=The Relationship Place|date=2021-07-19}}</ref> The concept of polyamory as a [[queer]] identity is controversial on the basis of polyamory alone rather than other aspects of identity, such as [[sexual orientation]]. Being polyamorous is not specific to [[LGBTQIA+]] people; [[cisgender]] and [[heterosexual]] people can be polyamorous, and LGBTQIA+ people are not necessarily polyamorous.<ref name="A-Z">{{Cite_print |author=Hole, Morgan Lev Edward |title=The A-Z of Gender and Sexuality: From Ace to Ze |publisher=Jessica Kingsley Publishers |date=2019 |isbn=9781784506636}}</ref>
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'''Transgender''', often shortened to '''trans''', is an [[umbrella term]] that describes an individual whose [[gender identity]] differs from their [[Birth assignment|assigned gender at birth]] (AGAB).<ref name="GLAAD Glossary: Transgender">{{Cite_web|url=https://www.glaad.org/reference/transgender|title=Glossary of Terms - Transgender|author=[[GLAAD]]|work=[https://www.glaad.org/reference GLAAD Media Reference Guide - 10th Edition]|archivedate=20211022144303}}</ref> Infants are assigned a [[sex]]<ref name="TLP: Birth Assignment">{{Cite_web|url=https://translanguageprimer.com/birth-assignment|title=Birth Assignment|author=[[The Trans Language Primer]]|work=[https://translanguageprimer.com The Trans Language Primer]|archivedate=20211101113949}}</ref> that is recorded on their birth certificate,<ref name="GLAAD Glossary: Transgender" /> which is usually based only on the appearance of external genitalia. The birth assignment—generally defaulting to assigned male at birth (AMAB) or assigned female at birth (AFAB)—assumes that the individual's gender identity will correspond to their assigned sex.<ref name="TLP: Birth Assignment" /> A person's gender identity—their sense of gender—usually develops when they are very young. The realization that their gender is different from what they were assigned can occur as early as three years old or in childhood prior to the onset of puberty. It may also happen later in life.<ref name="Nonbinary Gender Identities">{{Cite_print|author=McNabb, Charlie|title=Nonbinary Gender Identities: History, Culture, Resources|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|date=2018|ISBN==9781442275522}}</ref>
  
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{{Stub}}
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Transgender people can be binary{{#tag:ref|"Binary gender" refers to "man" or "woman".|group = note}} or [[non-binary]]{{#tag:ref|[[Non-binary]] is an [[umbrella term]] for [[gender]]s that are not exclusively man or woman.|group = note}}. Some transgender individuals may experience at least one form of [[gender dysphoria]] during their life, usually manifesting as an intense distress with their assigned gender. However, not all transgender people experience gender dysphoria. Conversely, some transgender individuals may experience what is known as gender euphoria, a term used to describe a "positive and exciting feeling of one's gendered self".<ref name="TH">{{Cite web|url=https://www.transhub.org.au/dysphoria|title=Dysphoria = Trans Hub|publisher=Trans Hub|date=2021|accessdate=January 21, 2022}}</ref> Transgender people might [[transition]] socially and/or physically from their assigned gender to their actual gender identity.<ref name="Nonbinary Gender Identities" />
  
   
 
==Etymology==
  
==Etymology==
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'Poly' comes from the Greek word meaning "many", and "amory" comes from the Latin word meaning "love". The combination of Greek and Latin roots, which is against traditional language rules, emphasizes how polyamory relationships go against typical romantic and sexual norms. Morning Glory Zell Ravenheart, who was a member of Oberon Zell's Church of All Worlds, coined the word "polyamory" in print in the late 1980s.<ref name="Polyam">{{Cite print|title=Polyamory in the 21st Century: Love and Intimacy with Multiple Partners|author=Anapol, Deborah|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|date=2010|isbn=9781442200234}}</ref>
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The term transgender was first mentioned in 1965 as a synonym for '''transsexual''' in ''Sexual Hygiene and Pathology'' to make a distinction between [[Sexual orientation|sexuality]] and [[gender identity]].<ref name="Transgenderism">{{Cite print|title=Sexual Hygiene and Pathology: A Manual for the Physician and the Professions|author=Oliven, John F.|publisher=J. B. Lippincott Company|date=1965|url=http://research.cristanwilliams.com/2012/06/02/1965-transgenderism-transsexualism/}}</ref> It became an umbrella term during 1971.<ref>{{Cite_web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2010/jun/02/brief-history-transgender-issues|title=Brief History of Transgender Issues|author=The Guardian, Professor Stephen Whittle}}</ref> Transgender is a combination of the prefix ''trans''—meaning "across, beyond, through, to change"—and the noun ''[[gender]],'' creating an adjective that highlights the journey and/or change with one's gender identity.<ref name="Etymonline">{{Cite web|url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/transgender#etymonline_v_39471|title=transgender <nowiki>|</nowiki> Etymology, origin and meaning of transgender by etymonline|publisher=Online Etymology Dictionary|date=2022}}</ref> The use of "transgender" rather than previous terminology increased in the early 1990s to emphasize gender rather than sex and to reject describing all trans people based on medical and psychological criteria.<ref name="Nonbinary Gender Identities" />
  
   
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==Community==
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The terms '''[[transmasculine]]''' (often shortened to '''transmasc'''), '''[[transfeminine]]''' (often shortened to '''transfem''' or '''transfemme'''), and '''transneutral''' were in use as early as 2000.<ref name="TGC">{{Cite web|url=https://www.transgendercounseling.com/trans1/|title=Issues of Coutnertransference in Therapy with Transgender Clients|author=Milrod, Christine|publisher=Southern California Transgender Counseling|date=2021-02-01}}</ref> These terms do not correspond with any particular identity except for transgender.
  
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The first symbol for the polyamory community was the poly parrot, created by Ray Dillinger in 1997, which was the familiar logo for the alt.polyamory Usenet group. He called the image the "Parrot Club Mascot" and said he created the image specifically for use on polyamory sites.<ref name"Hevanet">{{Cite web|url=http://www.hevanet.com/alexwest/parrots/symbolist.html|title=A List of Poly Symbols}}</ref> The infinity heart as a symbol for polyamory arose in the mid-1990s and was first created by Brian Crabtree. As new versions appeared throughout the 2000s and 2010s, the popularity of the poly parrot faded out.<ref name="PITM">{{Cite web|url=https://polyinthemedia.blogspot.com/2019/10/a-new-polyam-flag-that-fits.html|title=The polyamory flag is a grim, confusing failure. Let's do better.}}</ref><ref name="HU">{{Cite web|url=https://heckinunicorn.com/blogs/heckin-unicorn-blog/what-is-the-polyamory-pride-flag-and-what-does-it-mean?currency=USD|title=What is the Polyamory pride flag and what does it mean?}}</ref>
   
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==Community==
  
 
===History===
  
===History===
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====19th Century====
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Gender is perceived and [[Gender expression|expressed]] differently depending on culture, so experiences with gender similar to being transgender exist under many different names. Even though the use of the term transgender is recent, there have always been individuals expressing their gender differently from their sex.<ref name="What is Trans History?">{{Cite_web|url=https://www.historians.org/publications-and-directories/perspectives-on-history/may-2018/what-is-trans-history-from-activist-and-academic-roots-a-field-takes-shape|title=What is Trans History?|author=Agarwal, Kritika|date=2018-05-01}}</ref>
  
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The roots for modern-day polyamory can be traced all the way back to the 1840s. From the 1840s to the 1870s, Oneida Community, a Christian commune in upstate New York, practiced what was referred to as 'complex marriage'.<ref name="Slate">{{Cite web|url=https://slate.com/human-interest/2012/03/polyamory-and-its-surprisingly-woman-friendly-roots.html|title=The surprisingly woman-friendly roots of modern polyamory|author=Libby Copeland}}</ref> In this practice, everyone in the community was considered married to each other, and abandoning traditional marriage was seen as the way to avoid sin. Although the community had its shortcomings, Oneida was so far ahead of its time that it has continued to be a model for polyamorous innovators today.<ref name="Polyam" />
   
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====1960s and 1970s====
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Mary Jones is one of the first recorded transfeminine people in the United States. She was a sex worker who was charged with grand larceny in 1836. When she was subjected to a strip search, it was discovered she was assigned male at birth. She arrived at court wearing [[feminine]] attire and a wig, boldly explaining before a courtroom—which vilified her for her skin color and [[gender presentation]]—that she always presented that way and would not change.<ref name="MaryJones">{{Cite web|url=http://transascity.org/mary-jones-1836/|title=Mary Jones, 1836|publisher=Transas City|date=2014-11-08}}</ref>
  
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In the 1960s and 1970s, a second wave of polyamory occurred among hippies in what is known as the 'free love movement'. In this time, fringe groups around the country experimented with non-monogamy in what was termed 'group marriage'.<ref name="Slate" />
   
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At the same time as these intentional communities came to exist, support groups and publications positively portraying polyamorous relationships began to crop up. Some of these were short-lived, and others lasted long enough to have an impact on the form of modern polyamory. One, inspired by Heinlein’s Stranger In a Strange Land, was Oberon Zell’s Church of All Worlds. A member of this group, Morning Glory Zell Ravenheart, coined the word polyamory in print for the first time in the late 1980s.<ref name="Polyam" />
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We'wha was a Lhamana individual who lived from 1849 to 1896. In Zuni culture, Lhamana individuals were assigned male at birth but often presented femininely and took on the same responsibilities as women. We'wha studied crafts associated with women, such as pottery for ceremonial purposes and skills associated with men, such as weaving. Their skills as a craftsperson were renowned and they became a Cultural Ambassador for the Zuni people.<ref>{{Cite_web|url=https://www.womenshistory.org/education-resources/biographies/wewha|title=We'wha|author=Brandman, Mariana|partialdate=June 2021|work=[https://www.womenshistory.org National Women's History Museum]}}</ref>
  
   
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====1990s====
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[[Hijra]] individuals are recognized as a [[third gender]] in Hindu society and were recorded in the holy texts of the Ramayana and the Mahabharata, which date back to as early as 4th and 5th century. Hijra individuals are assigned either male or [[intersex]] at birth and dress traditionally feminine. They leave home young to join a Hijra community to learn how to perform blessings for births and weddings.<ref>{{Cite_web|url=https://rpl.hds.harvard.edu/religion-context/case-studies/gender/third-gender-and-hijras|title=The third gender and Hijras|author=Rhude, Kristofer|partialdate=2018|work=[https://hds.harvard.edu/ Harvard Divinity School]}}</ref> Before British colonization, Hijra individuals held powerful political positions in Sultanate and Mughal courts with responsibilities such as collecting taxes.<ref>{{Cite_web|url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/gender/2019/06/17/hijras-and-the-legacy-of-british-colonial-rule-in-india|title=Hijras and the legacy of British colonial rule in India|author=Hunter, Sophie|date=2019-06-17|work=[https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/gender Engenderings]|publisher=[https://www.lse.ac.uk/Gender London School of Economics: Department of Gender Studies]}}</ref>
  
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During the 1990s, the Internet sparked a third wave of polyamory, after AIDS had driven it underground during the 1980s. A Usenet newsgroup called alt.polyamory helped build a community.<ref name="Slate" />
   
 
===Flag===
  
===Flag===
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[[File:Polyamory.png|thumb|right|200px|The original polyamorous flag by Jim Evans]]The original polyamorous flag was created by Jim Evans in 1995.<ref name="HU" /> He made it in Microsoft Paint using websafe colors.<ref name="MMT">{{Cite web|url=https://www.mollymakesthings.com/post/new-polyamory-pride-flag|title=New Polyamory Pride Flag|author=Molly W.}}</ref> This flag displays stripes of blue to represent openness and honesty, red to represent love and passion, and black to show solidarity with those who must hide their polyamorous relationships from the outside world.<ref name="Rare">{{Cite web|url=https://rare.us/rare-life/polyamory-flag/|title=Polyamory: What Is It and Why Does the Flag Have the Pi Symbol on It?|author=Lauren Pineda}}</ref>
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[[File:Transgender Flag.svg|right|220px]]
  
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Monica Helms designed the transgender pride flag in August 1999,<ref name="History of Transgender Symbolism">{{cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308005146/http://transgendersociety.yolasite.com/tg-pride-flag-history-timeline.php|title=History of the Pride Flag|author=T-Girl Publishing|date=2015|accessdate=2022-06-7}}</ref> and debuted it in 2000 at a Phoenix, Arizona, USA [[Pride]] parade. It consists of five horizontal stripes: two stripes are blue with each at the top and bottom, two pink stripes directly follow the blue, and there is one white stripe in the center. The stripes are ordered this way so that the flag can be flown correctly in any direction, metaphoric for trans individuals finding correctness in themselves. The colors encompass the spectrum of trans experiences, as the blue represents masculinity, the pink represents femininity, and the white represents those who are transitioning, [[gender neutral]], [[gender non-conforming]], or [[non-binary]].<ref name="Flag Meaning">{{Cite web|url=https://www.seventeen.com/life/a36610926/trans-flag-colors-meaning/|title=Here's the Meaning Behind the Colors of the Trans Flag|author=Twersky, Carolyn|date=June 3, 2021}}</ref>
  
   
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There have been many interpretations for what the pi symbol represents. Some people think the pi symbol represents polyamorous people having "infinite love", as pi has infinite decimal places.<ref name="Rare" /> Others say the pi symbol references how "polyamory" also starts with "p".<ref name="HU" /> It is also possible it was chosen in part because it was one of the few symbols available to Evans in Microsoft Paint.<ref name="MMT" /> However, its gold color is widely accepted to represent the value that we place on the emotional attachment to others, be the relationship friendly or romantic in nature, as opposed to merely primarily physical relationships.<ref name="PITM" /><ref name="HU" />
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===Distinction===
  
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====Non-binary====
  
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{{Main|Non-binary}}
  
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Non-binary identities are included under the transgender umbrella as they are people whose gender differs from what they were assigned at birth. However, the two identities are distinct, and individuals do not need to identify as one term to be another. A binary transgender person differs from their birth assignment by identifying as a man or a woman rather than female or male. A non-binary individual might never identify with either binary term, or they might partially identify with either or both terms, which may or may not include their birth assignment. A trans non-binary individual is an individual who does not identify with their birth assignment (trans) and has a gender identity that is neither exclusively within the gender binary (non-binary). As stated before, one does not need to identify as one of the term to be the other one.<ref name="Nonbinary Gender Identities" />
  
   
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As time went on and it peaked in the summer of 2020, the flag was recognized by many in the community as undesirable.<ref name="TF">{{Cite web|url=https://theflager.com/polyamorous-flag/|title=Polyamorous Flag}}</ref> People wanted to move away from the garish colors of the original and use symbology that was easier to comprehend.<ref name="MMT" />
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====Intersex====
  
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{{Main|Intersex}}
  
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Intersex is an umbrella term for various people who are born with or develop sex characteristics that differ from binary notions of a "male" or "female" body. These differences are called variations, and may involve one's hormones, chromosomes, external and internal reproductive organs, or secondary sex characteristics.<ref name="Planned Parenthood: Intersex">{{Cite_web|url=https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/gender-identity/sex-gender-identity/whats-intersex |title=What's intersex? |author=Planned Parenthood |archivedate=20220120104558 |work=https://www.plannedparenthood.org}}</ref><ref name="InterAct Advocates">{{Cite_web|url=https://interactadvocates.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/LavLaw-Trans-and-Intersex-Fact-Sheet.pdf|title=Understanding Intersex and Transgender Communities |archivedate=20211228035729 |author=InterAct Advocates}}</ref>
  
   
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On November 23, 2022, Polyamory Day, the PolyamProud committee announced that Red Howell had created the winning design in a community vote to choose a new polyamorous flag design. Over 30,000 people participated in the vote.<ref name="PolyamProud">{{Cite web|url=https://www.polyamproud.com/flag|title=30,827 polyamorous people voted for a new flag. this is the design they chose.|publisher=polyamproud}}</ref>
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Intersex people are not inherently transgender, as they may identify with their assigned gender just as non-intersex people might. However, a person who is intersex may identify as transgender alongside intersex if they identify differently from what they have been assigned. One cannot "transition" to being intersex as intersex traits come from a variation that already exists within the individual.<ref name="InterAct Advocates" />
  
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<!--Do not include or transclude material about Two Spirit people in this section. They are inherently distinct from white, Euro-American constructions of gender.-->
  
   
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The symbolism of the flag design includes:
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===Controversy===
  
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*'''White chevron:''' flowing outward to depict the non-monogamous community's growth and possibility, asymmetric position to reflect non-traditional relationships<ref name="PolyamProud" />
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''If there has been a specific variety of this identity-phobic discourse that has led to discrediting it, please detail that here. If there have been similar -phobic discourses around popular flags, it can also be documented in this section.''
  
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*'''Gold heart:''' heart represents that all forms of love are the core of non-monogamy, in gold to represent the energy and perseverance of the community<ref name="PolyamProud" />
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====Puberty blockers====
  
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*'''Red stripe:''' love and attraction<ref name="PolyamProud" />
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Studies were developed by Finland and Sweden to look into the long-term effects of Lupron, a hormonal therapy known broadly as "puberty blockers". Lupron was discovered in the 1980s and was used by pediatric endocrinologists, among others in its class of GnRH agnoists. It was used to stop toddler, preschool, and kindergarten-age girls from entering puberty by shutting down estrogen flow in the brain to halt the body's progress toward puberty. Once the injections cease, the process of puberty resumes. The drug and its class of drugs, have dozens of off-label uses.<ref name="KHN">{{Cite web|url=https://khn.org/news/women-fear-drug-they-used-to-halt-puberty-led-to-health-problems/|title=Women Fear Drug They Used To Halt Puberty Led To Health Problems|date= February 2, 2017}}</ref> Lupron specifically was given to cancer patients as an injectable chemotherapy drug, but became used in an off-label setting for hormonal therapy in pre-pubescent children to delay the start of their assigned gender puberty.<ref name="Lancet">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/landia/PIIS2213-8587(17)30099-2.pdf|title=Puberty suppression in transgender children and adolescents|author=Aimone Mahfouda, Julia K. Moore, Aris Siafarikas, Florian D Zepf, Ashleigh Lin|date=May 22, 2017}}</ref>
  
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*'''Blue stripe:''' openness and honesty<ref name="PolyamProud" />
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*'''Purple stripe:''' a united non-monogamous community<ref name="PolyamProud" />
   
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{{Quote
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In 2017, more than 10,000 young women in the US who took the drug as children either to stop puberty or grow taller, whether related to gender identity or not, reported adverse events later in life. They were diagnosed with brittle bones, bone disorders, chronic pain, degenerative disks and spines, and other conditions that typically being in late adulthood. The FDA began a specific review of nervous system and psychiatric events in association with the class of drugs in which Lupron falls into, GnRH agnoists. The study focused entirely on pediatric patients. While there are several similar drugs to Lupron, it is a leader in the market, despite thousands of women's claims of its harmful long-term side effects. The spokesman for the company claimed that anything beyond the drug's label, including delaying sex characteristics, are considered unapproved use. The long term side effects of drugs in that class were put under scrutiny, due to the confirmation that the drug does cause bone disorders and disease-caused fractures. The impact of the class of drugs on children's bones is an unanswered question.<ref name="KHN"/>
  
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| quote = The intention behind this design was to create a simple, bold tricolor, with a contemporary approach to traditional vexillological (relating to the study of flags) elements from the original "Pi" flag.
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It takes the best of the original flag, including its color symbolism, and improves on those elements of the Pi flag which alienated viewers.
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| speaker = Red Howell
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| source = [https://www.polyamproud.com/flag polyamproud]
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}}
   
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===Controversy===
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Research was conducted by Sweden and Finland was done not only to research the effects of the drug in transgender people, but also the effects of the drug as a whole. They found that the effects of the drug outweighed the potential benefits and banned the dispersal, an act that is also prevalent in many European countries.<ref name="Lancet"/><ref name="KHN"/>
  
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Although polyamory challenges social [[norm]]s related to monogamy, polyamorous relationships do not necessarily challenge other sexual or gender norms. A cisgender straight man in relationships with multiple women upholds patriarchal and cisheteronormative beliefs that it is "natural" for men to want multiple sexual partners and for those partners to be women. Polyamory does not necessarily include relationships between people of the same gender. It thus is not generally viewed as a societally oppressed group identity or a marginalized identity comparable to being LGBTQIA+.<ref name="A-Z">{{Cite_print |author=Hole, Morgan Lev Edward |title=The A-Z of Gender and Sexuality: From Ace to Ze |publisher=Jessica Kingsley Publishers |date=2019 |isbn=9781784506636}}</ref>
   
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Polyamorous is often an identity term, but whether or not polyamory is a [[sexual orientation]] has been debated. Some polyamorous people regard it as a choice or lifestyle that they may not practice throughout their lifetime. Others regard polyamory as an innate desire that they have experienced throughout their lifetime and are unable to change, comparable to the mainstream understanding of sexual orientation, or identify their sexual orientation as polyamorous.<ref name="Vice">{{Cite_web |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/9b8yp5/is-polyamory-a-sexual-orientation |title=Why People Are Fighting to Get Polyamory Recognized as a Sexual Orientation |author=McArthur, Neil |date=2016-08-17 |work=[https://www.vice.com Vice] |archivedate=20220203055936}}</ref><ref name="Psychology Today">{{Cite_web |url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/the-polyamorists-next-door/201610/is-polyamory-form-sexual-orientation |title=Is Polyamory a Form of Sexual Orientation? |author=Sheff, Elisabeth |date=2016-10-04 |work=[https://www.psychologytoday.com Psychology Today] |archiveurl=https://archive.fo/RFqfu}}</ref> Some have proposed defining polyamory as a "relationship orientation".<ref name="Vice" />
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Sweden's Health and Technology Assessment (SBU) conducted an evidence review in 2019, which found a lack of evidence for medical treatments, and a lack of explanation for the sharp increase in the numbers of adolescents presenting with gender dysphoria in recent years. They found the risk/benefits analysis of hormonal intervention to be uncertain.<ref name="Sweden">{{Cite web|url=https://segm.org/Sweden_ends_use_of_Dutch_protocol|title=Sweden’s Karolinska Ends All Use of Puberty Blockers and Cross-Sex Hormones for Minors Outside of Clinical Studies|date=May 5, 2021, updated February, 2022|author=Karolinska Policy Change and Guidelines}}</ref><ref name="Lancet"/>
  
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In December 2020, Bell v. Tavistock was presented in the High Court of Justice for England and Wales, where they found it "highly unlikely" that children under the age of 12 could give full informed consent to receiving puberty blockers. They were also "doubtful" that children ages 14 and 15 could give full consent.<ref name="Angelus">{{cite_web|url=https://angelusnews.com/news/world/swedish-hospital-praised-for-halting-gender-transitioning-for-children-under-16/|title=Swedish Hospital Praised for Halting Gender Transition for Children Under 16}}</ref> The 2020 UK judicial review highlighted ethical dilemmas surrounding the medical "affirmation" of minors.<ref name="Sweden"/> The High Court judgement also allowed the NHS to suspend the initiation of hormonal interventions to minors under 16. Children between the ages of 16 and 18 were only allowed to do so clinical trial settings approved by an institutional review board.<ref name="Sweden"/><ref name="Angelus"/>
  
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Sweden effectively banned the use of the drug on children under the age of 18, and those who wanted to use the drug after turning 18 were only allowed to do so in a research setting. The policy states that careful assessment of the patient's maturity level must be conducted to determine if the patient is capable of providing meaningful informed consent. There is also an added clause that both patients and guardians must be informed of the potential risks and permeances of the drug.<ref name="Sweden"/>
  
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Several European countries found the evidence base to be insufficient in justifying routine early medical interventions for gender-dysphoric minors. Final revised its treatment guidelines in 2020, prioritizing psychological interventions over medical interventions, particularly for minors.<ref name="Sweden"/>
  
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In North America, the debate around the drug Lupron and its class of drugs is highly politicized. Several US states used laws to ban the use of hormonal interventions in dysphoric minors, while other states introduced a wide range of gender-"affirming" medical and surgical interventions for "gender incongruence", regardless of the patient's age or mental health status. The Canadian bill "Bill C-6" seeks to criminalize psychological treatments of gender dysphoric minors. While this effort criminalizes conversion therapies, it also removes the non-invasive medical options.<ref name="Sweden"/>
  
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Only one type of Lupron is no longer distributed in America due to a national shortage caused by a routine manufacturing compliance review. Six other types are still on the market.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ashp.org/drug-shortages/current-shortages/drug-shortage-detail.aspx?id=618&loginreturnUrl=SSOCheckOnly|title=ASHP Lupron Drug Shortage|January 3, 2020}}</ref>
  
   
 
===Perceptions and discrimination===
  
===Perceptions and discrimination===
  +
Some polyamorous people have experienced discriminatory treatment on the basis of their polyamory. Since polyamorous relationships are not legally protected in most Western jurisdictions, they may be discriminated against in employment, housing,<ref name="Vice" /><ref name="Psychology Today" /> and child custody.<ref name="Psychology Today" /> In the United States, state laws regarding bigamy prevent marriage between more than two people, while zoning laws can restrict the number of unmarried adults who can share a home. The push for legal recognition of polyamory has sometimes been accused of co-opting the language of [[gay liberation]].<ref name="Vice" /> Despite this, some jurisdictions have begun allowing greater legal freedoms for those in polyamorous partnerships.<ref name="BBCENM" />
−
Many transgender people medically [[transition]] through hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and/or surgeries to bring their bodies into alignment with their gender identity. However, not all people wish to, choose to, or have access to resources to be able to medically transition.<ref name="Nonbinary Gender Identities" /> Medical transitioning is often emphasized by [[cisgender]] people, and is a core belief of [[transmedicalism]],<ref name="Who Counts">{{Cite print |title=Who Counts as Trans? A Critical Discourse Analysis of Trans Tumblr Posts |author=Jacobsen, Kai; Devor, Aaron; & Hodge, Edwin |work=Journal of Communication Inquiry |version=vol. 46, no. 1 |partialdate=January 2022 |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/01968599211040835}}</ref> but a trans person's identity is self-determined and not dependent upon procedures or appearance.<ref name="GLAAD Glossary: Transgender" /> In a 2018 survey, 52% of transgender people sought HRT or other medical care to help transition to their correct gender.<ref>{{Cite_web|url=https://www.goodtherapy.org/blog/can-nonbinary-people-experience-gender-dysphoria-022620197|title=Can Non-Binary People Expierence Gender Dysphoria?|author=Zawn Villenes, Good Therapy}}</ref>
  
−  
−
For some, the desire to transition stems from gender dysphoria, referring to the experience of intense distress with the lack of alignment between assigned gender at birth and gender identity. Dysphoria is not experienced by every trans person, and it is not necessary to be trans. However, because medical transitioning involves medical professionals, it often requires a diagnosis of gender dysphoria.<ref name="Nonbinary Gender Identities" /> Dysphoria often begins in childhood, but some people first experience it after puberty.<ref name="What Is Dysphoria">{{Cite_web|url=https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/gender-dysphoria/what-is-gender-dysphoria|title=What Is Gender Dysphoria?|author=Psychiatry.org}}</ref>
  
−  
−
In the 21st century, being transgender has been incorrectly viewed as a trend or a fad that will pass. However, transgender people have always existed. This belief sometimes has been attributed to Western colonialism.<ref name="ACLU">{{Cite web |url=https://www.acluohio.org/en/news/transgender-people-have-always-existed |title=Transgender People Have Always Existed | date=2016-06-10 |author=Martens, Avery }}</ref> Western colonialism began around the 15th century at a time when European countries sought to increase their power through conquering and exploiting other nations and indigenous peoples. One of the many tactics of colonialism is enforcing a place's culture and language onto another place. Western colonialism was so widespread that by 1914, most nations in the world had been colonized by European forces at some point.<ref name="National Geographic">{{Cite_web|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/article/colonialism|title=Colonialism Facts and Information|author=Blakemore, Erin|date=2019-02-19|work=[https://www.nationalgeographic.com National Geographic]}}</ref> Western colonialism impacted other cultures' abilities to define genders in culturally specific ways through enforced assimilation versus annihilation, which caused [[Terminology#Trans erasure|the erasure of transgender people]] in history. Transgender people have had many different names and histories in various cultures around the world, some of which have involved sacred and/or important positions in their societies.<ref name="Them">{{Cite web |url=https://www.them.us/story/colonialism-black-and-indigenous-people-gender-identity |title=Colonialism Still Affects How Black and Indigenous People See Gender |date=2021-08-18 |author=Omowale, Jendayi }}</ref> (See [[Transgender#History|History]] for more)
  
−  
−
[[Gender essentialist]] beliefs and the [[gender binary]] impact the way transgender individuals are stigmatized as defiant or deviant. The stigma denies equal opportunity to prosperity as it impacts every aspect of life, such as economic and housing aspects, familial or social support systems, and mental health.<ref name="HRC">{{Cite_web|url=https://reports.hrc.org/dismantling-a-culture-of-violence|title=Dismantling a Culture of Violence|author=Human Rights Campaign Foundation|partialdate=October 2021|work=[https://www.thehrcfoundation.org/ Human Rights Campaign Foundation]}}</ref>
  
   
 
==Media==
  
==Media==
−
''This section should be used to elaborate on the portrayal and representation of this identity in various forms of media, which can include a listing or links to various artists or movies, series, etc.''
  
−  
−
=== Movies ===
  
−  
−
====== Films and documentaries that feature transgender staff, directors, characters, actors, themes, or undertones. ======
  
−
*''Disclosure (2020)'' — Documentary, Sam Feder | ft. Laverne Cox, Bianca Leigh, Jen Richards
  
−
*''Paris Is Burning (1990)'' — Jennie Livingston
  
−
*''Ma Vie en Rose (1997)'' — Alaine Berliner, Carole Scotta, Chris Vander Stappen)
  
−
*''The Danish Girl (2015)'' — Biography following Lili Elbe | Tom Hopper, Gail Mutrux
  
−
*''Boys Don't Cry (1999)''— Kimberly Pierce, John Hart, Caroline Kaplan
  
−
*''Women in Revolt (1971)'' — Paul Morrisey, Andy Warhol, Candy Darling, John Cale
  
−
*''Beautiful Darling (2010)'' — Documentary following Candy Darling | James Rasin, Elisabeth Bentley, Gill Holland, Louis Durra
  
−
*''The Velvet Underground (2021)'' — Documentary following The Velvet Underground, Lou Reed, and Andy Warhol’s Social Circle
 
−
*''The Man Who Fell to Earth (1976)'' — Nicolas Roeg, Michael Deely, David Bowie, Candy Clark, Rip Torn)
  
−
*''The Matrix series (1999, 2003, 2021)'' — Lana Wachowski, Lilly Wachowski
 
−
*''Deidra & Laney Rob a Train (2017)'' — Susan Carstonis, Nick Moceri, Ian Bricke
  
−
* ''Screaming Queens: The Riot at Compton’s Cafeteria (2005)'' — Documentary, Victor Silverman, Susan Stryker
 
−
*''The True Adventures of Wolfboy (2019)'' — Martin Krejcí, Declan Baldwin, Lauren Beck, Olivia Dufalt
  
−  
−
===Literature===
  
−
*''Melissa'' by Alex Gino{{#tag:ref|This book was originally published with the title ''George'', however the author and publisher agreed in 2021 to change the name, and that they "made a mistake in titling it with a name 'the main character does not like or want to use for herself'."<ref name="GeorgeGuardian">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2021/nov/02/alex-gino-childrens-novel-george-retitled-melissa-to-respect-trans-heroine|title=Alex Gino's children's novel George retitled Melissa 'to respect trans heroine'|author=Flood, Alison|publisher=The Guardian|date=2021-11-03}}</ref>|group = note}}
  
−
*''Light from Uncommon Stars'' by Ryka Aoki
  
−
*''The Passing Playbook'' by Isaac Fitzsimons
  
−
*''Rick'' by Alex Gino
  
−
*''Magical Boy'' by The Kao
  
−
*''I Am J'' by Cris Beam
  
−
*''Felix Ever After'' by Kacen Callender
  
−
* ''Skate for Your Life'' by Leo Baker
  
−
*''Cemetery Boys'' by Thomas Aiden
  
−
*''Heartstopper'' by Alice Oseman
  
−
*''Tomorrow Will Be Different: Love, Loss, and the Fight for Trans Equality'' by Sarah McBride
  
−
*''The Passing Playbook'' by Isaac Fitzsimmons
  
−
*''Rethinking Normal'' by Katie Rain Hill
  
−
* ''Becoming a Visible Man'' by Jamison Green
  
−
*''Meet Cute Diary'' by Emery Lee
  
−
*''The [Un]popular Vote'' by Jasper Sanchez
  
−
*''Sorted: Growing Up, Coming Out, and Finding My Place'' by Jackson Bird
  
−
*''Real Queer America: LGBT Stories from Red States'' by Samantha Allen
  
−
*''Being Jazz: My Life as a (Transgender) Teen'' by Jazz Jennings
  
−
*''Growing Up Trans: In Our Own Words'' by Lindsay Herriot
  
−
* ''Continuum'' by Chella Man
  
−
*''Obie is Man Enough'' by Schuyler Bailar
  
−
* ''Zenobia July'' by Lisa Bunker
  
−
*''The Other Boy by M.G. Hennessy''
  
−
*[[w:c:wookieepedia:Queen's Hope|''Star Wars: Queen's Hope'']] and [[w:c:wookieepedia:Brotherhood|''Star Wars: Brotherhood'']] by E.K. Johnston and Mike Chen, respectively - "[[w:c:wookieepedia:Sister|Sister]]"
  
−  
−
=== Comics ===
  
−
* [https://aliceoseman.fandom.com/wiki/Elle_Argent Elle Argent] from ''[https://aliceoseman.fandom.com/wiki/Heartstopper Heartstopper]''{{source}}
  
−
*[https://dc.fandom.com/wiki/Bia_(Prime_Earth)?so=search#Powers_and_Abilities Bia (Amazon)] from [[dcdatabase:Nubia_and_the_Amazons_Vol_1_1|''Nubia and the Amazons Vol 1 1'']]{{source}}
  
−
* [https://dc.fandom.com/wiki/Kate_Godwin_(Prime_Earth)?so=search Kate Godwin] from [[dcdatabase:DC_Pride_2022_Vol_1_1|''DC Pride 2022 Vol 1 1'']]{{source}}
  
−
* [[dcdatabase:Alysia_Yeoh_(Prime_Earth)|Alysia Yeoh]] from [[dcdatabase:Batgirl_Vol_4_1|''Batgirl Vol 4 1'']]{{source}}
  
−
* [[dcdatabase:Roshanna_Chatterji_(Prime_Earth)|Roshanna Chatterji]] from [[dcdatabase:The_Movement_Vol_1_1|''The Movement Vol 1 1'']]{{source}}
  
−
* Sera from ''Angela: Asgard's Assassin Vol 1 1''{{source}}
  
−
* Ken Shiga (Koi Boi) from ''Unbeatable Squirrel Girl Vol 1 2''{{source}}
  
−
*Shela Sexton (Escapade) from ''Marvel Voices: Pride Vol 2 1''{{source}}
  
−
*Leonara Eng from ''New Mutants Vol 4 16''{{source}}
  
−
*Morgan Red from ''Marvel Voices: Pride Vol 2 1''{{source}}
  
−  
 
===Television===
  
===Television===
  +
*[[w:c:caprica:Clarice Willow|Clarice Willow]] and her spouses [[w:c:caprica:Desiree Willow|Desiree Willow]], [[w:c:caprica:Helena|Helena]], [[w:c:caprica:Mar-Beth|Mar-Beth]], [[w:c:caprica:Nestor|Nestor]], [[w:c:caprica:Olaf|Olaf]], [[w:c:caprica:Rashawn|Rashawn]], and [[w:c:caprica:Tanner|Tanner]] in [[w:c:caprica:Caprica|''Caprica'']]<ref name="Caprica">[[w:c:caprica:Caprica|''Caprica'']], season 1 episode 2: [[w:c:caprica:Rebirth|"Rebirth"]]</ref>
−
* [[w:c:pose-fx:pose|''Pose'']] - Multiple characters
  
  +
*[[w:c:goodtrouble:Malika Williams|Malika Williams]], [[w:c:goodtrouble:Dyonte Davis|Dyonte Davis]], and [[w:c:goodtrouble:Tanya|Tanya]] in ''[[w:c:goodtrouble:Good Trouble|Good Trouble]]''{{Source}}
−
**[https://pose-fx.fandom.com/wiki/Blanca_Evangelista Blanca Rodriguez-Evangelista]{{source}}
  
  +
*[[w:c:gossipgirl:Audrey Hope|Audrey Hope]], [[w:c:gossipgirl:Aki Menzies|Aki Menzies]], and [[w:c:gossipgirl:Max Wolfe|Max Wolfe]] in ''[[w:c:gossipgirl:Gossip Girl (2021)|Gossip Girl]]''{{Source}}
−
**[https://pose-fx.fandom.com/wiki/Angel_Evangelista Angel Evangelista]{{source}}
  
  +
*[[w:c:youngjustice:La'gaan|Lagoon Boy]] and his spouses [[w:c:youngjustice:Coral|Coral]] and [[w:c:youngjustice:Rodunn|Rodunn]] in ''[[w:c:youngjustice:Young Justice|Young Justice]]''{{Source}}
−
**[https://pose-fx.fandom.com/wiki/Elektra_Evangelista Elektra Evangelista]{{source}}
  
−
**[https://pose-fx.fandom.com/wiki/Lulu_Evangelista Lulu Evangelista]{{source}}
  
−
**[https://pose-fx.fandom.com/wiki/Candy_Ferocity Candy Ferocity]{{source}}
  
−
*[https://glee.fandom.com/wiki/Unique_Adams Unique Adams] from ''[https://glee.fandom.com/wiki/Glee_Wiki Glee]''{{source}}
  
−
*[https://glee.fandom.com/wiki/Sheldon_Beiste Sheldon Beiste] from ''[https://glee.fandom.com/wiki/Glee_Wiki Glee]''{{source}}
  
−
*[[w:c:Nia Nal|Nia Nal (Dreamer)]] from [[w:c:arrow:Supergirl|''Supergirl'']]{{source}}
  
−
*[https://riverdale.fandom.com/wiki/Theo_Putnam Theo Putnam] from ''[https://riverdale.fandom.com/wiki/Chilling_Adventures_of_Sabrina Chilling Adventures of Sabrina]''{{source}}
  
−
*[[w:c:nancydrew:Isaac Vega|Isaac Vega]] from ''[[w:c:nancydrew:Tom Swift (2022 TV series)|Tom Swift]]''{{source}}
  
−
*[https://lgbtqia-characters.fandom.com/wiki/Ryo_Watari Ryo Watari] from [https://lgbtqia-characters.fandom.com/wiki/Ryo_Watari Boys Run the Riot]{{source}}
  
−
*[https://bigmouth.fandom.com/wiki/Natalie_El-Khoury Natalie El-Khoury] from [https://bigmouth.fandom.com/wiki/Big_Mouth?so=search Big Mouth]
  
−  
⚫
===Manga and Anime===
  
−
*[[w:c:vinlandsaga:Cordelia|Cordelia]] from ''[[w:c:vinlandsaga|Vinland Saga]]''{{source}}
  
−
*[[w:c:myheroacademia:Kenji Hikiishi|Kenji Hikiishi]] from [[w:c:myheroacademia|''My Hero Academia'']]{{source}}
  
−
*[[w:c:kuroshitsuji:Grelle Sutcliff|Grelle Sutcliff]] from [[w:c:kuroshitsuji|''Kuroshitsuji'' (Black Butler)]]{{source}}
  
−
*[https://hunterxhunter.fandom.com/wiki/Alluka_Zoldyck Alluka Zoldyck] from ''[https://hunterxhunter.fandom.com/wiki/Hunter_%C3%97_Hunter Hunter X Hunter]''{{source}}
  
−
*[[w:c:wonder-egg-priority:Kaoru Kurita|Kaoru Kurita]] from [[w:c:wonder-egg-priority|''Wonder Egg Priority'']]{{source}}
  
−  
−
===Video games===
  
−
*[[w:c:thelastofus:Lev|Lev]] from ''[[w:c:thelastofus:The Last of Us Part II|The Last of Us Part II]]''{{source}}
  
−
*[https://tell-me-why.fandom.com/wiki/Tyler_Ronan Tyler Ronan] from ''[https://tell-me-why.fandom.com/wiki/Tell_Me_Why_Wiki Tell Me Why]''{{source}}
  
−  
−
=== Public figures===
  
−
{{Scroll|*Alan L. Hart{{source}}
  
−
*Abigail Thorn{{source}}
  
−
*Alexandra Billings{{source}}
  
−
*Arca{{source}}
  
−
*Bex Taylor-Klaus{{source}}
  
−
*Brian Michael Smith{{source}}
  
−
*Candy Darling{{source}}
  
−
*Carmen Rupe{{source}}
  
−
*Caitlyn Jenner{{source}}
  
−
*Chaz Bono{{source}}
  
−
*Chella Man{{source}}
  
−
*Christine Jorgensen{{source}}
  
−
*Chelsea Manning{{source}}
  
−
*Daniela Sea{{source}}
  
−
*Elliot Fletcher{{source}}
  
−
*Elliot Page <ref>https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliot_Page</ref>
  
−
*Ezra Furman{{source}}
  
−
*Georgina Beyer{{source}}
  
−
*Gia Gunn{{source}}
  
−
*Gigi Goode{{source}}
  
−
*Ian Harvie{{source}}
  
−
*Jamie Clayton{{source}}
  
−
*Jaime Raines{{source}}
  
−
*Janet Mock{{source}}
  
−
*Jazz Jennings{{source}}
  
−
*Jen Richards{{source}}
  
−
*Kade Gottlieb{{source}}
  
−
*Kim Petras{{source}}
  
−
*Kye Allums{{source}}
  
−
*Kylie Sonique Love{{source}}
  
−
*Laganja Estranja{{source}}
  
−
*Laurel Hubbard{{source}}
  
−
*Laverne Cox<ref name="LavernCox">{{Cite web|url=https://lavernecox.com/about/|title=About + Bio * Laverne Cox|author=Cox, Laverne|date=2022}}</ref>
  
−
*Lili Elbe{{source}}
  
−
*Marsha P. Johnson{{source}}
  
−
*MJ Rodriguez{{source}}
  
−
*Natalie Wynn{{source}}
  
−
*Nicole Maines{{source}}
  
−
*Nikkie de Jagar{{source}}
  
−
*Rachel Levine<ref name="LevineWP">{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/meet-rachel-levine-one-of-the-very-few-transgender-public-officials-in-america/2016/06/01/cf6e2332-2415-11e6-8690-f14ca9de2972_story.html|title=Meet Rachel Levine, one of the very few transgender public officials in America|author=Zezima, Kate|publisher=The Washington Post|date=2016-06-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329053607/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/meet-rachel-levine-one-of-the-very-few-transgender-public-officials-in-america/2016/06/01/cf6e2332-2415-11e6-8690-f14ca9de2972_story.html}}</ref>
  
−
*Robin Daniel Skinner{{source}}
  
−
*Rhys Ernst{{source}}
  
−
*Sarah McBride{{source}}
  
−
*Silas Howard{{source}}
  
−
*Tommy Dorfman{{source}}
  
−
*Trace Lysette{{source}}
  
⚫
}}
  
   
−
==Notes==
 +
===Webtoons===
  +
*Boyfriends Jock, Prep, Nerd, and Goth in ''[https://www.webtoons.com/en/slice-of-life/boyfriends/list?title_no=2616 Boyfriends]''<ref name="Boyfriends">{{Cite_web |url=https://www.webtoons.com/en/slice-of-life/boyfriends/list?title_no=2616 |title=''Boyfriends'' |author=Refrainbow |quote=A comic about getting yourself a boyfriend... or multiple boyfriends! Four college students begin a polyamorous relationship and navigate the adventure that is their dating life!}}</ref>
−
<references group="note" />
  
   
−
== Resources==
 +
===Music===
  +
*Willow Smith<ref name="BBC">{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/newsbeat-56852099 |title=Willow Smith opens up about being polyamorous |date=2021-04-29 |work=[https://www.bbc.com/news/newsbeat BBC Newsbeat]}}</ref>
−
* [https://translanguageprimer.com The Trans Language Primer]—Online information resource for the community, its cohorts, and service providers
  
−
* [https://translifeline.org Trans Lifeline]—Peer support by trans people, for trans people (US and Canada)
  
−
*[https://transequality.org National Center for Transgender Equality]—Know Your Rights guides to legal rights in various situations, other self-help guides, information about various topics
  
   
−
==References ==
 +
==Resources==
  +
''Here you can place useful resources relevant for the described topic.''
⚫
{{Scroll|{{Reflist}}}}
  
   
  +
==References==
−
[[Category:Transgender| ]]
  
  ⚫
{{Reflist}}
−
[[Category:Gender-related terms]]
  
−
[[Category:Gender identity]]
  
   
−
[[de:trans*]]
 +
[[de:Polyamor]]
  +
[[ja:ポリアモラス]]
−
[[es:Transgénero]]
  
  +
[[pt-br:Poliamor]]
−
[[ja:トランスジェンダー]]
  
  +
[[es:Poliamor]]
−
[[pt-br:Trans, Transgênero, Transexual]]
  
−
[[tr:Transgender]]
  

Revision as of 17:07, 17 June 2023

Icon-Pencil Please take note:
This subject has an article on LGBTQIA+ Wiki for informational purposes as terminology relevant to learning more about the LGBTQIA+ community, rather than being an identity that is part of it. Polyamorous people may or may not be LGBTQIA+ due to other identifiers.

A polyamorous relationship is one in which one or more of the participants are involved romantically or sexually with more than one individual at a time.[2] Each person involved in the relationship consents to the situation and is aware of the non-monogamous nature.[3] The concept of polyamory as a queer identity is controversial on the basis of polyamory alone rather than other aspects of identity, such as sexual orientation. Being polyamorous is not specific to LGBTQIA+ people; cisgender and heterosexual people can be polyamorous, and LGBTQIA+ people are not necessarily polyamorous.[4]

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This article is a stub. You can help LGBTQIA+ Wiki by expanding it.

Etymology

'Poly' comes from the Greek word meaning "many", and "amory" comes from the Latin word meaning "love". The combination of Greek and Latin roots, which is against traditional language rules, emphasizes how polyamory relationships go against typical romantic and sexual norms. Morning Glory Zell Ravenheart, who was a member of Oberon Zell's Church of All Worlds, coined the word "polyamory" in print in the late 1980s.[5]

Community

The first symbol for the polyamory community was the poly parrot, created by Ray Dillinger in 1997, which was the familiar logo for the alt.polyamory Usenet group. He called the image the "Parrot Club Mascot" and said he created the image specifically for use on polyamory sites.[6] The infinity heart as a symbol for polyamory arose in the mid-1990s and was first created by Brian Crabtree. As new versions appeared throughout the 2000s and 2010s, the popularity of the poly parrot faded out.[7][8]

History

19th Century

The roots for modern-day polyamory can be traced all the way back to the 1840s. From the 1840s to the 1870s, Oneida Community, a Christian commune in upstate New York, practiced what was referred to as 'complex marriage'.[9] In this practice, everyone in the community was considered married to each other, and abandoning traditional marriage was seen as the way to avoid sin. Although the community had its shortcomings, Oneida was so far ahead of its time that it has continued to be a model for polyamorous innovators today.[5]

1960s and 1970s

In the 1960s and 1970s, a second wave of polyamory occurred among hippies in what is known as the 'free love movement'. In this time, fringe groups around the country experimented with non-monogamy in what was termed 'group marriage'.[9]

At the same time as these intentional communities came to exist, support groups and publications positively portraying polyamorous relationships began to crop up. Some of these were short-lived, and others lasted long enough to have an impact on the form of modern polyamory. One, inspired by Heinlein’s Stranger In a Strange Land, was Oberon Zell’s Church of All Worlds. A member of this group, Morning Glory Zell Ravenheart, coined the word polyamory in print for the first time in the late 1980s.[5]

1990s

During the 1990s, the Internet sparked a third wave of polyamory, after AIDS had driven it underground during the 1980s. A Usenet newsgroup called alt.polyamory helped build a community.[9]

Flag

Polyamory

The original polyamorous flag by Jim Evans

The original polyamorous flag was created by Jim Evans in 1995.[8] He made it in Microsoft Paint using websafe colors.[10] This flag displays stripes of blue to represent openness and honesty, red to represent love and passion, and black to show solidarity with those who must hide their polyamorous relationships from the outside world.[11]

There have been many interpretations for what the pi symbol represents. Some people think the pi symbol represents polyamorous people having "infinite love", as pi has infinite decimal places.[11] Others say the pi symbol references how "polyamory" also starts with "p".[8] It is also possible it was chosen in part because it was one of the few symbols available to Evans in Microsoft Paint.[10] However, its gold color is widely accepted to represent the value that we place on the emotional attachment to others, be the relationship friendly or romantic in nature, as opposed to merely primarily physical relationships.[7][8]

As time went on and it peaked in the summer of 2020, the flag was recognized by many in the community as undesirable.[12] People wanted to move away from the garish colors of the original and use symbology that was easier to comprehend.[10]

On November 23, 2022, Polyamory Day, the PolyamProud committee announced that Red Howell had created the winning design in a community vote to choose a new polyamorous flag design. Over 30,000 people participated in the vote.[13]

The symbolism of the flag design includes:

  • White chevron: flowing outward to depict the non-monogamous community's growth and possibility, asymmetric position to reflect non-traditional relationships[13]
  • Gold heart: heart represents that all forms of love are the core of non-monogamy, in gold to represent the energy and perseverance of the community[13]
  • Red stripe: love and attraction[13]
  • Blue stripe: openness and honesty[13]
  • Purple stripe: a united non-monogamous community[13]

The intention behind this design was to create a simple, bold tricolor, with a contemporary approach to traditional vexillological (relating to the study of flags) elements from the original "Pi" flag. It takes the best of the original flag, including its color symbolism, and improves on those elements of the Pi flag which alienated viewers.

Red Howell, polyamproud

Controversy

Although polyamory challenges social norms related to monogamy, polyamorous relationships do not necessarily challenge other sexual or gender norms. A cisgender straight man in relationships with multiple women upholds patriarchal and cisheteronormative beliefs that it is "natural" for men to want multiple sexual partners and for those partners to be women. Polyamory does not necessarily include relationships between people of the same gender. It thus is not generally viewed as a societally oppressed group identity or a marginalized identity comparable to being LGBTQIA+.[4]

Polyamorous is often an identity term, but whether or not polyamory is a sexual orientation has been debated. Some polyamorous people regard it as a choice or lifestyle that they may not practice throughout their lifetime. Others regard polyamory as an innate desire that they have experienced throughout their lifetime and are unable to change, comparable to the mainstream understanding of sexual orientation, or identify their sexual orientation as polyamorous.[14][15] Some have proposed defining polyamory as a "relationship orientation".[14]

Perceptions and discrimination

Some polyamorous people have experienced discriminatory treatment on the basis of their polyamory. Since polyamorous relationships are not legally protected in most Western jurisdictions, they may be discriminated against in employment, housing,[14][15] and child custody.[15] In the United States, state laws regarding bigamy prevent marriage between more than two people, while zoning laws can restrict the number of unmarried adults who can share a home. The push for legal recognition of polyamory has sometimes been accused of co-opting the language of gay liberation.[14] Despite this, some jurisdictions have begun allowing greater legal freedoms for those in polyamorous partnerships.[1]

Media

Television

Webtoons

Music

Resources

Here you can place useful resources relevant for the described topic.

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Ethical non-monogamy: the rise of multi-partner relationships" by Klein, Jessica on bbc.com. Published 2021-03-26 by BBC
  2. ↑ "Greatest Guide to Polyamory: Myth vs Fact" by Bass, Lianna on greatist.com. Published 2021-12-22 by Greatest
  3. ↑ "Types of Polyamorous Relationships" by Geldean, Amy on sdrelationshipplace.com. Published 2021-07-19 by The Relationship Place
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 The A-Z of Gender and Sexuality: From Ace to Ze by Hole, Morgan Lev Edward. Published 2019 by Jessica Kingsley Publishers. ISBN 9781784506636
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Polyamory in the 21st Century: Love and Intimacy with Multiple Partners by Anapol, Deborah. Published 2010 by Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9781442200234
  6. ↑ "A List of Poly Symbols" on hevanet.com
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 "The polyamory flag is a grim, confusing failure. Let's do better." on polyinthemedia.blogspot.com
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 "What is the Polyamory pride flag and what does it mean?" on heckinunicorn.com
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 "The surprisingly woman-friendly roots of modern polyamory" by Libby Copeland on slate.com
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 "New Polyamory Pride Flag" by Molly W. on mollymakesthings.com
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 "Polyamory: What Is It and Why Does the Flag Have the Pi Symbol on It?" by Lauren Pineda on rare.us
  12. ↑ "Polyamorous Flag" on theflager.com
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 "30,827 polyamorous people voted for a new flag. this is the design they chose." on polyamproud.com. Published by polyamproud
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 "Why People Are Fighting to Get Polyamory Recognized as a Sexual Orientation" by McArthur, Neil on vice.com. Published 2016-08-17 (Archived on February 3, 2022).
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 "Is Polyamory a Form of Sexual Orientation?" by Sheff, Elisabeth on psychologytoday.com. Published 2016-10-04 (Archive link)
  16. ↑ Caprica, season 1 episode 2: "Rebirth"
  17. ↑ "Boyfriends" by Refrainbow on webtoons.com. "A comic about getting yourself a boyfriend... or multiple boyfriends! Four college students begin a polyamorous relationship and navigate the adventure that is their dating life!"
  18. ↑ "Willow Smith opens up about being polyamorous" on bbc.com. Published 2021-04-29
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