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Revision as of 05:55, 1 April 2022

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	This article is a work in progress and is currently incomplete. Additional content will be added as it is written and sourced.

F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹, a term with multiple definitions, is most often defined as a woman who is attracted to other women romantically and sexually.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9]^[10] The term is generally used as a self-identification of sexual or romantic orientation.^[10] Although F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s are frequently defined as women who are exclusively attracted to women,^[2] another definition is women primarily attracted to other women.^[9] Some prefer to use or additionally use "F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹" or "F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 woman" as an identifier.^[11]

Definitions vary in whether or not they use expanded language, such as a person who self-describes as a woman,^[9] or phrasing that explicitly includes people who do not identify only as women, such as women-aligned^{[note 1]}^[11] and some genderqueer and/or non-binary people who feel a connection to womanhood.^[12] F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s may be cisgender or transgender;^[2]^[13]^[14] since gender is a separate concept from sexual orientation, someone may be both trans and F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹.^{[note 2]}^[2]^[13] Based upon assigned gender at birth, and prior to realizing their gender identity and transitioning, some trans women identify as straight and some trans men identify as F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s based on their attractions to women. Trans women sometimes subsequently understand and identify themselves as F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹; trans men may or may not remain in or be accepted by F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 communities after they transition as men. This does not mean that all butch or otherwise masculine F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s are transgender.^[15]

Certain F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s have used the label to describe their gender in addition to their attractions.^[16] In the 2021 Gender Census, an annual online international survey of people who do not strictly identify with the gender binary, participants indicated their personal identifiers; the item "F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 (partially or completely in relation to gender)" was selected by 12.9% of the participants.^[17]

For over a century, F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s have debated who shares their identity and is part of the F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 community.^[18] They have variously been defined based on sexual behaviors, sexual attractions, or self-identifying with the label. For instance, women who self-identify as both bisexual and F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹^{[note 3]} would not be included in a definition that specifies F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s are only oriented toward women, but would be in a broader definition that encompasses other labels.^[20]

Etymology

SapphoKalpis — Painted vase depicting Sappho (c. 510 BC)

The term "F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹" originally referred to people or things from the Greek island of Lesbos. It is associated with famous poet Sappho, a community leader from the island of Lesbos who wrote multiple love poems to other women circa 600 BCE.^[6] The adjective "sapphic" is also derived from Sappho.^[21] Sappho also wrote erotic and romantic verses that included men, but in English language texts, her particular association with the erotic love between women has been dated to 1732 or before. By 1870, "F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹ism" had become a noun for a woman's erotic interest in other women or homosexual relations between them,^[22] while the phrase "F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 love" was in use by 1883, originally circulating in U.S. medical journals that framed sexual intimacy between women as pathological.^[23] Previously used as an adjective related to the isle of Lesbos or to amatory poetry, "F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹" has been in continuous use since 1890^[22] to describe romantic and/or sexual behavior between women regardless of their specific sexualities, such as "F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 couple", "F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 sex", or "F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 kiss".^[6] By 1904, F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 was in use as a noun.^[24]

Community

History

During the Weimar Republic (1919–1933)

Sie Representiert — *Sie repräsentiert!* ("She represents!") by Jeanne Mammen, c. 1928, depicts a party in a F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 bar.

In Germany, the word "homosexual" was widely used, but not universally loved, by F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 men and F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s by the 1920s. Other language used by homosexual women included F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹er (F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹), freundin (female form of "friend"), and tribade (from the French usage, but rare by the 1920s), along with references to Sappho. Words implying certain roles also emerged. Although less language specified feminine F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s, Mädi or Dame were sometimes used. F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 magazines sometimes described "Don Juans" and the "Ben Hur type", while two words that suggested a masculine appearance, and might be loosely translated as "butch" today, were Bubi (lad, also a reference to the popular bobbed haircut) and garçonne.^[18] Garçonne was derived from the French word garçon ("boy") with a feminine suffix added. Its closest English translation would be "tomboy". Victor Margueritte's 1922 novel La Garçonne, translated for English readers as "The Bachelor Girl", led to popular use of garçonne as a description for flappers, women who wore masculine clothing, and F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s. A F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 magazine originally published as Frauenliebe ("Woman Love") was retitled Garçonne from 1930 to 1932, and a F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 club of that name was opened in 1931 by Susi Wannowsky.^[25]

The most common Weimar era alternative to "homosexual" was "friend", placing an emphasis on emotional relationships while also obscuring the sexual element for those not in the know. Men's and women's "friendship" magazines demonstrated that a sense of shared identity was developing between F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 men and F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s, along with discussions of how solidarity would be needed for a political movement. Compared to F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 men, women seemed more tolerant of androgyny and crossing gender lines, but some publications debated the traits of masculine F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s versus feminine F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s.^[18]

After World War I, the number of F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 cafés and clubs in Berlin increased dramatically, reaching more than fifty by the mid-1920s. Some establishments were class-segregated; for instance, the Club Monbijou West required an invitation, and the Pyramid was for celebrities and artists. The Chez Ma Belle Sœur was regarded by locals as a showplace for tourists. Other parts of the Weimar F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 scene brought together women of various social classes that had been isolated from each other prior to the war.^[18]

During the Nazi regime (1933–1945)

The history of F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s during the Nazi regime is still being researched and compiled decades later. The experiences of F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s and women accused of being F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s are difficult to trace and cross-reference across scattered documents. Few women were identified as F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s in official records kept during the Nazi era. Victims were not necessarily F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s despite being documented as such by the Nazis; it is unclear how many of the allegations were false.^[26]

Adolf Hitler's Nazi regime used a strengthened version of Paragraph 175, which criminalized male homosexuality, to engage in extensive, systematic persecution of F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 men.^[26] Sexual intimacy between women was not criminalized, with the exception of Austria, but the Nazis disrupted informal F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 and F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 social networks, raided and closed their public meeting places, and put locations under surveillance. While some fled the country, others attempted to outwardly conform by entering marriages of convenience, sometimes between a F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 man and a F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹. The Third Reich saw marriage and motherhood as the ultimate purpose of women, specifically to increase the "desirable" Aryan population. To the Nazis, F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s could be "cured"^[27] to bear Aryan children by persuasion or by force.^[26]^[27]

F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s did not experience the same systematic persecution as F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 men, but they could be investigated, arrested, and sent to prisons or concentration camps for other "offenses", such as being Jewish or engaging in subversive political behavior; their sexuality was not the official reason listed. While F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 men were forced to wear a downward-pointing pink triangle in camps that used coded badges, F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s were instead marked with whichever badge corresponded to their official reason for arrest and internment.^[26] Some F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s were marked as "asocials" and wore a downward-pointing black triangle.^[27] The black triangle has been used by some F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s in a manner similar to how some people in the F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 community have reclaimed the pink triangle as a defiant symbol.^[28]

Legal challenges to F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 literature

Dottie is pretty and stout, with long, fluffy black hair, black eyes. She always wears sleeveless gowns, while Sammie 'struts' her tightly fitting tailored suit, and the inevitable attached collar and tie, which means so much in the life of a F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹. The two often get publicity in current periodicals and are generally called 'husband and wife.'

Sammie smiles when she reads these articles, while Dottie silently blushes.

This 'Flowery Tea Pot' has become a very popular and interesting rendezvous for loving couples of the same sex, mostly the fair sex . . . where over a cup of tea lovers meet and wistfully look into each other's eyes . . . where new ones and lonely ones get acquainted and embrace each other, swaying to the melody of a dreamy waltz.
Eve Adams (as "Evelyn Addams"), F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Love (1925)

Chawa Zloczewer was a Polish Jewish F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 who is best known as Eve Adams, the name she eventually adopted in the United States. The U.S. government first began surveillance of her based on "radical activities", primarily selling subscriptions to leftist magazines. She established "Eve's Hangout" in New York's Greenwich Village, a tearoom that attracted fellow F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s and F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 men. In February 1925, she wrote a short book called F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Love as "Evelyn Addams". It included fictionalized versions of Adams and other F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s she knew, as well as drawings of pairs of clothed and nude women, loving each other. It reflected beliefs at the time about F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s as born "sexually inverted", or having a masculine nature, and pairing off with feminine women. Only 150 copies were made for private distribution.^[23]

Nevertheless, after an undercover policewoman entrapped Adams, she was found guilty of publishing an "indecent book" and sentenced to the maximum one-year imprisonment. Adams asserted that her book was "not in any way immoral, indecent, or vulgar." Some contemporary reports sensationalized her arrest and trials. After release from prison, the federal government held the deportation hearings they had previously organized against her, and she was deported to Poland. She eventually moved to Paris. In December 1943, she was arrested in Nazi-occupied France and deported to Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp. She died sometime between then and the liberation of the camp in 1945.^[23]

In 1928, British author Radclyffe Hall published The Well of Loneliness, a semi-autobiographical novel about "sexual inversion" like hers. Its depiction of a F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 relationship led to attacks in the press and withdrawing it from publication in the Britain. Her publisher was charged under the Obscene Publications Act of 1857. Finding the book obscene and capable of corrupting readers, the court ordered it removed from circulation and destroyed. The labeling of the book as "obscene" drew attention of publishers in the U.S., and the firm that bought the U.S. rights hired a lawyer who successfully defended it in 1929.^[29]

Women's Barracks, by Tereska Torrès, was published in 1950 by Gold Medal Books and is regarded as the first F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 pulp novel.^[30] The semi-autobiographical novel was based upon the diaries she kept as a member of the Free French Forces during World War II, novelized and published at the urging of her husband. Multiple F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 women are described and identified as such in the story, while other women engage in occasional liaisons and are not regarded as "real F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s".^[31] Torrès did not regard it as a "F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹" novel, merely one that included sexuality in a way that Americans were not accustomed to, and she was not a F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 herself. Women's Barracks became the first bestselling paperback original novel, selling two million copies in just its first five years. It was also subjected to a United States congressional committee on "current pornographic materials" that eventually allowed it to remain uncensored because it had "moral lessons" about the so-called "problem" of F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹ism; however, a Canadian court review ruled it obscene.^[32]

Mid-20th century, United States

BoLSoG-ApartmentCouple — A butch/femme couple photographed in front of their apartment in the 1950s

In the 1940s, F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 group solidarity began to grow in the United States, and the 1950s built on that through night life at F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 bars and house parties. In the U.S., participation in F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 communities was largely predicated on adopting butch/femme culture and its associated roles as they were understood in that time period. The butch/femme code of personal behavior became a social imperative to increase the visibility of F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s to the public and to each other, particularly with the expression of butch identities, whether or not a femme partner was present.^[33]

Locations where F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s congregated became sites of resistance and defiance of the societal repression of women's sexuality. Growing F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 pride and solidarity developed into the political consciousness of F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 liberation that spread with the Stonewall riots of 1969 and the subsequent decades. Bar culture in particular evolved into politics focused on the right to congregate rather than the homophile movement that focused on the right to equal protection.^[33]

Stonewall riots

It was a rebellion, it was an uprising, it was a civil rights disobedience—it wasn't no damn riot.
Stormé DeLarverie

In the late 1960s, it was illegal in the state of New York for people considered "of the same sex" to publicly hold hands, kiss, or dance with each other.^[34] Police also harassed and arrested people who were not wearing attire that matched binary genders imposed by the police, such as those the police viewed as "female" who was not wearing enough "feminine" attire. F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s and trans men were targeted on the streets and in bars for harassment, assaults, and examinations of their anatomy; for instance, the drag king Rusty Brown was repeatedly arrested for wearing a shirt and pants.^[35]

The Stonewall riots, also called the Stonewall uprising,^[36] started on June 28, 1969, at the Stonewall Inn, a F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 club located in Greenwich Village in New York City. Initially a confrontation between patrons and police officers, it was strengthened by other members of the F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹QIA+ community and neighborhood street people.^[35] Despite several drawbacks, the Stonewall Inn was an important institution for the local community. The Genovese crime family, a Mafia organization, found it profitable to control most of the F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 bars in Greenwich Village, including Stonewall Inn. Police officers were bribed to ignore the bar or tip it off prior to the frequent police raids,^[34] which usually resulted in people who were inside the bar fleeing and those outside dispersing.^[36]

Stormé DeLarverie standing — Stormé DeLarverie, sometime between 1955 and 1969

In the early morning hours on June 28, 1969, Stonewall Inn was not tipped off before police officers arrived with a warrant. The officers were physically aggressive with the patrons and began arresting employees for liquor license violations and patrons for "cross-dressing".^[34] Stormé DeLarverie, who worked as a drag king, and several fellow butch F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s attempted to defend their friends, but were beaten by police.^[37] Although there is some debate about whether or not DeLarverie was the party in certain events, along with the sequence of those events,^[37]^[38] she has been attributed with throwing the first punch and initiating the riot. At some point, DeLarverie stated an officer told her to move along, called her a slur referring to a F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 man, and hit her; she punched back.^[38] When a F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 was forced into the police van and struck over the head, she shouted at the onlookers to act; the crowd began throwing objects at the police.^[34] Some accounts are that DeLarverie complained about her handcuffs and was struck with a baton. She was dragged into the police wagon and attempted to flee toward Stonewall Inn. When she was pulled back and further beaten by the officers, she reportedly yelled to the crowd, "Why don't you do something?"^[37]

Over the following six days, the community engaged in protests and violent clashes with law enforcement on Christopher Street, in neighboring streets, and in nearby Christopher Park.^[34] Although the uncoordinated actions are often called a riot, DeLarverie described it as a rebellion, uprising, and civil rights disobedience.^[37] The event is widely regarded as a catalyst for the civil rights movement for F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹, F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹, bisexual, and transgender people in the United States.^[39]

F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-feminism and the F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 sex wars

F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-feminism^{[note 4]} and the F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 separatist movement emerged from within the larger Second Wave of feminism, which had largely ignored and excluded F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s.^[40] Many radical feminists believed the sexual revolution of the 1960s was more exploitative than liberating and saw sexual liberation and women's liberation as mutually exclusive. They wanted feminists to stop focusing on sex, and some viewed F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s as "hypersexual".^[41] In 1969, the president of the National Organization of Women (NOW), Betty Friedan, said that F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s were the "lavender menace" to the reputation of the women's liberation movement (Susan Brownmiller further dismissed F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s as only an inconsequential "lavender herring" in a March 1970 article in The New York Times).^[42] Author and F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Rita Mae Brown was relieved of her duties as editor of New York-NOW's newsletter; in response, she and two other F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s resigned from other NOW offices and issued a statement about homophobia within NOW. In late 1969, Brown joined others in organizing a F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-feminist movement.^[41] At the Second Congress to Unite Women on May 1, 1970, the "Lavender Menace"—a group of F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 activists from RadicaF 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s, the F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Liberation Front, and other feminist groups—coordinated a demonstration to successfully demand recognition of F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹ism and the oppression of F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s as legitimate feminist concerns.^[42] Those planning the action included Brown, Ellen Bedoz, Cynthia Funk, Lois Hart, and March Hoffman.^[41]

The RadicaF 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s additionally distributed their article "The Woman Identified Woman", which framed "homosexuality" and "heterosexuality" as categories created and used by a male-dominated society to separate women from each other and dominate them. The article argued that since F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹ism involved women relating to women, it was essential to women's liberation. They called for complete separatism from men.^[40] According to "Lavender Menace" member Jennifer Woodul, the term "woman-identified" may have been proposed by Cynthia Funk, and it was meant to be less threatening to heterosexual women than "F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹". The group criticized characterizing F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s based on sexuality as "divisive and sexist", and redefined F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹ism as a primarily political choice that showed solidarity between women.^[41]

Expressions of F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 sexuality were often treated as problematic by the F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-feminist movement,^[33] and the acceptance of F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s in the feminist movement was contingent upon de-emphasizing sexuality. Many heterosexual feminists did not welcome discussions of any sexuality whatsoever and thought feminism should move away from the topic; thus, F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-feminists further reframed F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹ism as a matter of sensuality rather than sexuality. They also portrayed men's sexuality as always aggressive and seeking to conquer while women were portrayed as nurturing and seeking to communicate. In this ideology, F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹ism became the ultimate expression of feminism by not involving men, while sex with men was oppressive and corrupt. With men, maleness, masculine roles, and the patriarchy all seen as linked together, F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-feminists viewed feminists who continued to associate with men, especially by having sex with them, as inferior and consorting with "the enemy". All-"F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹" retreats were held, and houses and communes were formed, for those seeking to practice F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 separatism. Since any desire for men was seen as "male identified" rather than "woman identified", straight feminists were seen as unwilling or unable to commit to other women, making them lesser feminists than political F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s who chose women.^[41]

Two key texts to the F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-feminist movement were Adrienne Rich's^{[note 5]} 1980 article "Compulsory Heterosexuality and F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Existence" and Lillian Faderman's 1981 book Surpassing the Love of Men. The texts emphasized loving and passionate relationships between women that were not necessarily sexual; however, they also treated sexuality as unimportant. Faderman's book claimed that the medical establishment's view of love between women as pathological led to the patriarchy treating any close relationships as suspicious and sexual; therefore, women's relationships should defy that view by no longer emphasizing sexuality. Rich continued the framing of F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s as a political identity, a resistance to patriarchy, and commonality between all women-identified "passionate friends", warriors, and activists. She furthered the argument that being a F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 was a choice, and that all feminists should make that choice as they removed themselves from male influences. Faderman and Rich's texts also split F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 history from the history of F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 men.^[33]

The "sex wars" shifted near the end of the 1970s to encompass additional sexual expressions beyond F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹ism. Anti-pornography feminism developed in part from F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-feminist thoughts about straight men as inherently aggressive toward women and heterosexual sex as equivalent to violence. Butch/femme culture was seen by F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-feminists and anti-pornography feminists alike^[43] as only an imitation of heterosexuality that reproduced the patriarchy, rather than its own rich culture. Since butch F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s were associated with masculine traits, F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-feminists saw them as inherently suspicious. The free expressions of sexual desire between femmes and butches were regarded as incompatible with the F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-feminists' desexualized version of who could be a F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹. Further, the importance of butches, femmes, and their culture was dismissed. When mentioned at all, F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-feminists treated them as if they were only a footnote, rather than presenting butches and femmes as essential to F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 history.^[33] As "pro-sex" feminists discussed sexuality, Esther Newton was one of the proponents of butch/femme dynamics. Many F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s pointed out that the roles had transgressive potential for subverting heterosexual gender norms, rather than imitating them.^[43]

Second Wave feminism's focus primarily on the concerns of white, middle-class women pushed out working-class and black women. The F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-feminist disapproval of butches and femmes may have derived from this classism and racism, as black F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 culture and white working-class F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 culture were often organized around butch/femme roles. Many black F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-feminists broke away to form their own groups. They had been condemned by white F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-feminists for fighting alongside black men for freedom, yet faced sexism within black freedom movements. Formed in 1975, the Combahee River Collective is now one of the best-known black F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-feminist groups.^[40]

Various F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-feminists refused to accept transgender women as women and based their definition of "women" on genitals present at birth. When Beth Elliott, a transsexual F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 folk singer, had her membership revoked from the Daughters of Bilitis organization in December 1972, several members resigned in protest. She was on the organizing committee for the West Coast F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Feminist Conference held in 1973 and was scheduled to perform her music. When a group leafleted the conference to protest and misgender Elliott, keynote speaker Robin Morgan rewrote her speech to address the controversy, but only included transphobic rhetoric and attacks on Elliott. Over two-thirds of the attendees voted to allow Elliott to remain, but the hateful ideas in Morgan's speech spread throughout the mid-1970s.^[44] Mary Daly, Sheila Jeffreys, and Janice G. Raymond also became prominent anti-trans voices. Raymond cited Adrienne Rich in a chapter called "Sappho by Surgery" in a book^[45] that was published in 1979. Other F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-feminists broke ties with the anti-trans elements and supported trans inclusion; these included Candy Coleman, Jeanne Córdova, Deborah Feinbloom, and the Reverend Freda Smith.^[44]

Flag

Double Venus flags

File:F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Pride Double Venus1.svg

A double Venus flag

The Venus symbol (♀) originated as an ancient Roman astrological symbol for the female (sometimes called "the mirror of Venus"). It has since become an astronomical symbol of the planet Venus and a botanical and zoological symbol of femaleness. Two interlocking Venus symbols (such as ⚢) often represent F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹ism.^[46] Multiple Pride flags combine the double Venus symbol with Gilbert Baker's rainbow designs.^[47]

Labrys F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 flag

File:Labrys F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Flag.svg

The labrys F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 flag

The labrys symbol was adopted as one of empowerment for F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 feminists in the 1970s. In 1999, graphic designer Sean Campbell, a cisgender F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 man, created the labrys F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 flag for the June 2000 Pride issue of F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 and F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Times magazine. His flag design superimposed a white labrys over the downward-pointed black triangle on a violet-hued background;^[28] violet flowers have a long association with F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s due to inclusion in Sappho's poetry.^[48]

Some controversy arose around this flag design, however, as the black triangle is associated with the Holocaust, specifically a mark that "asocials" (including some F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s) and other victims were forced to wear in the Nazi concentration camps.^[28]^[48] Additionally, the labrys has been used as a symbol by some fascist organizations.^[49] In the years since the flag was created, some trans exclusionists have also adopted the labrys symbol as their own,^[48]^[49] which has led to a widespread perception of the flag as not trans inclusive.^[48]

Lipstick F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 flag and stripes

Cougar-Lipstick-Pink — Design progression from the "Cougar Pride Flag" by Fausto Fernós, to the plagiarized "The Official Lipstick F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Flag" by Natalie McCray, to the stripes-only "pink flag"

In 2008, a "Cougar Pride Flag" was designed by Fausto Fernós,^[50] a drag queen who created it to be tongue-in-cheek; the intention was "to draw attention to the ongoing issue of ageism and sexism in women's sexuality".^[51] It includes a semi-transparent, dark red lipstick kiss mark in the top left corner and seven stripes in shades of red and pink.^[50] In 2010, the blogger Natalie McCray from This F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Life^[52] plagiarized Fernós' design^[49]^[51] and presented it as her own creation that she called the "official" lipstick F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 flag. The lipstick graphic was flattened into a solid bright pink with white highlights, and the stripes were lightened and color-shifted with a central white stripe.^[52]

While McCray's image has not been widely adopted in the manner she presented it, a revision^[28] using McCray's stripe colors and omitting the kiss mark gained more popularity. One version of this was posted in 2013 on a Tumblr blog with the username trans-wife; however, it was captioned as a F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 flag rather than specific to lipstick F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s.^[53] A larger version of the pink stripe flag was posted in 2015 by the Pride-Flags account on DeviantArt.^[54]

McCray's flag and its derivatives have been criticized when represented as a flag for all F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s since it was created to be specific to one subculture.^[49] McCray has been accused of making hateful remarks regarding butches, bisexual women, Asian women,^[49]^[55] and trans people, including in a since-deleted blog post by Lydia when presenting her own Sappho-inspired flag design.^[55] In a since-deleted post, McCray responded to Lydia and denied the accusations of racism, biphobia, and transphobia.^[56] Since the "pink" flag originated as McCray's lipstick F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 flag, it is similarly seen as not inclusive of butches and other gender non-conforming F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s.^[49]

Sappho-inspired flag

Lydia, a biracial (Mi'kmaw and white) genderqueer F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 from Mi'kma'ki (Atlantic Canada),^[57] was one of the people who raised concerns about the lipstick F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 flag due to^[55] racist posts made by its creator;^[58] additional problems Lydia noted were how some people attempted to use a femme-only flag or its feminine pink-stripe derivative for all F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s, along with using a design that was difficult to reproduce physically, did not have web-friendly colors, and had colors chosen for aesthetics rather than meaning. They decided to design a flag "for all F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s. All F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s are welcome to it." The colors came from "seeking some sapphic inspiration" in a poem by Sappho, which she addressed to a female lover:^[55]

all the violet tiaras,
braided rosebuds, dill and
crocus twined around your young neck
Sappho, "I have not had one word from her"

Lydia sapphic flag — Sappho-inspired flag designed by Lydia, with Maya Kern's color order

Lydia thus used violets, pink rosebuds, yellow crocuses, and green dill, with the following meanings:^[55]

Violet (#663399): Sapphic love^[55]
Pink (#FF6699): Fragility^[55]
Yellow (#FFCC33): Strength^[55]
Green (#66CC33): Healing^[55]

The color order was originally different, but Maya Kern suggested the current order for improved harmony. Lydia has since observed that the flag has been referred to online as "the sapphic flag" and has been used as an umbrella pride flag "for all sapphic F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 identities". They have clarified that "all F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s" is inclusive of ace F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s, trans F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s, and those who have not yet pinned down an exact identity.^[59]

Seven-stripe pink/orange flags

File:F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Flags 7 stripes.png

From top to bottom: the primary design from shapeshifter-of-constellation's proposals, the design by nillia, and the first design posted by sadlesbeandisaster

At the end of June 2017, Mod Q of the Tumblr blog butch positivity (butchspace) posted a seven-striped orange and yellow butch flag design^[60] and color meanings.^[61] Days later in July, the username shapeshifter-of-constellation^{[note 6]} posted a general F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 flag design. The bottom three stripes use color codes sampled from the top of Mod Q's butch flag, and the top four colors were derived from those of the lipstick F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 flag (three of them directly sampled). The stripes are visually equal in size but have slight variances upon close inspection. Alternate versions with stripes from the More Color More Pride flag were also offered. At the suggestion of Mod T from butch positivity, shapeshifter-of-constellation proposed that the white stripe could symbolize those who do not identify as butch or femme,^[62] but no meanings were assigned to other individual stripes. Responding to Mod Q, they said the intention of it was a general F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 flag for anyone in the community, not specifically a femme/butch flag.^[63]

The Tumblr user Nillia made a post in April 2018 about the history of butchphobia and criticized using lipstick F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 stripes for all F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s; the orange butch flag was reposted as an example of "some very obscure butch designs of unknown date. Most use warm colors." Nillia's seven-striped flag design for all F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s used the top two pink and bottom two red color codes of the lipstick F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 flag, and a white center stripe between stripes in a new light pink and a new light orange.^[64]

In June 2018, sadlesbeandisaster posted about her ideal F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 pride flag, which she said would use the top half of the pink and the bottom half of the orange flags but orient the orange on top; she included an image matching that description.^[65] The image in this post appears to be shapeshifter-of-constellation's rotated and resized.^{[note 7]} Sadlesbeandisaster has since said she did not steal and invert shapeshifter-of-constellation's flag but rather got the idea to combine the butch and pink flags while talking with a friend and is not surprised other people had that same idea.^[66] Her friend made the image for her original post, and she has maintained that it is "[her] F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 flag design".^[67] Commentary that sadlesbeandisaster was not the original designer was reblogged by shapeshifter-of-constellation in 2021.^[68]

Following the first post, sadlesbeandisaster made an initial proposal of color meanings^[69] before posting a version with the following meanings, from top to bottom:^[70]

Red-orange: gender non-conformity^[70]
Orange: independence^[70]
Light orange: community^[70]
White: unique relationships to womanhood^[70]
Light pink: serenity and peace^[70]
Medium pink: love and sex^[70]
Dark pink: femininity^[70]

In 2019, sadlesbeandisaster posted an apology for previous comments about asexual people. She added that she would not apologize for her words regarding identifiers such as "bi F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹", which she considers to be lesbophobic, harmful, and offensive since she defines F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s as having no attraction to men.^[71]

Community F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 pride flag

File:F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Flag 5 stripe.svg

The five-striped F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 pride flag, also called the community F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 pride flag

The community F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 pride flag originated in a poll called the "Official F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Flag Poll", which was posted on Tumblr^[72] and Twitter on June 30, 2018.^[73] By July 25, Catherine (then under the username taqwomen) had suggested a five-striped and three-striped modification of the design attributed to sadlesbeandisaster.^[74] Catherine's five-striped suggestion was announced on August 28 as the poll winner.^[75]

Meanings were later given to the five colors by the Tumblr user birdblinder. They are, from top to bottom:^[76]

Dark orange: transgressive womanhood^[76]
Light orange: community^[76]
White: gender non-conformity ^[76]
Light pink: freedom^[76]
Dark pink: love^[76]

In addition to the poll that produced the community F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 pride flag, other polls regarding F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 flag designs were circulated on Tumblr in 2018. The Tumblr user chiaroscura (under the username allukazaoldyeck) ran two polls that concluded by June 6, 2018, with the design credited to sadlesbeandisaster winning.^[77] The which-F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-flag blog moderated by Cas and Niv ran a two-round survey beginning in July 2018.^[78] Prior to the conclusion of the first round, they announced the removal of the pink flag derived from Natalie McCray's lipstick F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 flag, citing the creator^[79] calling an Asian woman an "anorexic freak"^[58] as the primary reason.^[79] After the removal, the top pick of the first round was^[80] a flag design by apersnicketylemon,^[81] which also emerged as the winner of the second round.^[82]^[83]

The "Commercial F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Flag Poll", which began in mid-December 2018, aimed to select a flag that could be mass-produced by Pride merchandise companies. The poll author said the reason for the poll was that the companies they reached out to required a consensus on the design. The designs included^[84] were Gilbert's six-stripe rainbow flag, Lydia's Sappho F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 flag, apersnicketylemon's flag, and taqwomen's five-striped flag. Although the poll included the seven-striped flag, the poll creator said they reached out to sadlesbeandisaster but originally did not receive permission to include it in a poll that would produce a result sold for profit.^[85] After the five-striped design won, it was intentionally not called an "official" flag; the poll creator called it the "Community F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Flag" to reflect the community process that led to its selection for production.^[86]

The community F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 flag has achieved mainstream recognition. By 2020, it was being produced on merchandise released by Spencer's online gift shop^[87] and by F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Pride Apparel.^[88] For the Rainbow Disney Collection in 2021, Disney released an enameled Mickey Mouse head pin with the community F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 flag stripes.^[89]

Distinction

Sapphic

The distinction between "sapphic" and "F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹" depends upon which definitions are used for each word. They are often confused for each other or thought to mean the same thing, as both refer to women who are attracted to other women.^[90] In contemporary usage, sapphic has become an umbrella term specifically inclusive of women with multisexual orientations (such as bisexual, pansexual, and other queer women) who may or may not be attracted to men,^[90] while "F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹" is often (but not always) defined as a woman only attracted to other women;^[13]^[9]^[5] both terms are inclusive of non-binary^[12] and transgender identities.^[13] "Sapphic" is thus generally understood as the broader term when F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s are defined as women who exclusively love women and when sapphics are defined as all women loving women. Different definitions of the words change that distinction.

Controversy

Defining "F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹"

For over a century, F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s have been debating the terms used to refer to themselves. Along with definitions created or endorsed by F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s, others were created by non-F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s, such as male psychiatrists and sexologists. Debates have often centered on whether a F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 must be a woman who is exclusively attracted to and only has sex with other women. Despite the importance of having a clear definition, there is still no singular definition of "F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹", and many definitions are incompatible with each other.

In Germany, during the Weimar Republic (1919–1933), F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 magazines published debates from contributors and letters to the editors to regarding F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 identity. Some argued that a woman who was married to a man or had ever had sex with a man should be excluded from the F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 community. Others defended women who had relationships with both women and men, whether because they were self-identified bisexual women or out of pragmatic reasons related to economic needs and the contemporary social setting.^[18]

Twentieth century psychoanalysts approached F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹ism as a psychological disorder that must be "cured" and turned into heterosexuality. In 1954, Frank S. Caprio published Female Homosexuality: A Psychodynamic Study of F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹ism, which provides an overview of that perspective. While some F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 women were described as exclusively intimate with other women and not men, he wrote, "Many F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s are bisexual, oscillating between heterosexual and homosexual activities, and are capable of gratifying their sexual desires with either sex. Their homosexual cravings may be transitory in character." In addition, he claimed, "Many bisexual F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s indulge in what might be called pseudo-heterosexual relations insofar as intercourse with a man tends to counterbalance their homosexual guilt. They wish to be seen with men to camouflage their homosexuality. Actually they prefer the love of their own sex." Like many other psychoanalysts, he believed F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s were repressing their heterosexuality and only seemed "frigid" with men due to unresolved conflict, which resulted in unconscious defense mechanisms to avoid sex with men.^[91]

Caprio disagreed with another author, Antonio Gandin, that F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s could be classified as either "sapphists or tribades", instead supporting an anonymous writer's division into "predominantly mannish" and "predominantly feminine". Caprio's glossary defined F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹ism based on sexual acts, and the only kind of love mentioned was erotic. It included the following definitions:^[91]

"Bisexuality. A sexual interest in both sexes; the capacity for pleasurable relations with either sex."^[91]
"Homosexuality. Sexual relations between persons of the same sex."^[91]
"F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹. A female homosexual."^[91]
"F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹ism, F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Love. Female homosexuality; the erotic love of one woman for another; the relationship may consist of kissing, breast fondling, mutual masturbation, cunnilingus or tribadism."^[91]
"Sapphism. Homosexual relations between two women."^[91]
"Sapphist. One who performs cunnilingus on another woman."^[91]
"Tribade. A woman who practices tribadism."^[91]
"Tribadism. The act of one woman lying on top of another and simulating coital movements so that the friction against the clitoris brings about an orgasm."^[91]

Marijane Meaker's We Walk Alone, released in 1955 under the pseudonym Ann Aldrich, is a non-fiction book presented as an insider's look into F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s by a F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹. She reported what psychoanalysts of the time claimed about F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹ism as a "psychological orientation that is different from the accepted social pattern", a disorder of immature and abnormal women, and she accepted Havelock Ellis' "sexual inversion" theory. However, she also asserted that society should neither condemn nor pity F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s, simply understand them. She described several "types" of F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s: the butch, the fem, the latent F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹, the "one-time" F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹, the repressed F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹, and the bisexual F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 (divided into the flirt and the one-night-stand adventuress). Contrary to her treatment of bisexual and F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 women as separate in her 1952 novel Spring Fire,^[92] she presented bisexual women as a type of F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 who is consistently involved with men and women rather than having a single or occasional experience with either. Her overall description of F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s was the following:^[93]

The fact of the matter is that F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹ism cannot be accurately defined, nor can the F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹's personality traits be lumped into any category that will include all of her characteristics, and yet exclude those of the remainder of the female population. Who is the F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹? She is many women. […] There is no stereotype in the over-all picture of the F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹. This is the first discovery I ever made about the group of which I am a member. […] There is no definition, no formula, no pattern that will accurately characterize the female homosexual. She is any woman.
Marijane Meaker (as "Ann Aldrich"), We Walk Alone (1955)

Lorraine Hansberry, whose play A Raisin in the Sun was the first by an African American woman to open on Broadway, privately wrote of her identification as a F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹; she was married to a man and was not "out". By 1957, she was member of the F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 organization Daughters of Bilitis and subscriber to its magazine, The Ladder. She sent an anonymized reader letter^[94] in response to prior writings in the magazine about F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s who had husbands despite an "interest" in women. Objecting to the language, she wrote:^[95]

I mean really, unless I am afflicted with the worst kind of misunderstanding, the homosexual impulse does transcend 'interest' in other women. Isn't the problem of the married F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 woman that of an individual who finds that, despite her conscious will oft. times, she is inclined to have her most intense emotional and physical reactions directed toward other women, quite beyond any comparative thing she might have ever felt for her husband—whatever her sincere affection for him?
Lorraine Hansberry (as "L.N."), The Ladder, vol. 1, no. 11 (August 1957)

Edward Sagarin (as "Donald Webster Cory"), a F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 man who spent time observing and interviewing members of the Daughters of Bilitis, wrote The F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 in America in 1964. He described some F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s as exclusive F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s who fell into the number 6 rating on the Kinsey scale (exclusive homosexuality), rather than the ratings 4 or 5 (predominantly homosexual); other non-heterosexual women were bisexual in their inclinations, activities, or both. Sagarin offered a F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 definition that included attraction and self-identification:^[96]

A F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 is a woman who feels a strong and urgent need, usually a chronic or continuing or recurring need, to have close, intimate carnal contact with another woman, and whose drive for sexual contact with men, if it is not entirely absent or replaced by fear, disgust, horror, and repulsion, is at least very weak. A F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹, in short, is a girl who feels that she is a F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹, and who, whether she is happy or sad, accepting or rebelling against her condition, identifies herself as being part of that group.
Edward Sagarin (as "Donald Webster Cory"), The F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 in America (1964)

Del Martin and Phyllis Lyon, a F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 couple who founded of the Daughters of Bilitis, published F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹/Woman in 1972. Their introduction began with this definition:^[97]

A F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 is a woman whose primary erotic, psychological, emotional and social interest is in a member of her own sex, even though that interest may not be overtly expressed.
Del Martin and Phyllis Lyon, F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹/Woman (1972)

In Lilian Faderman's book Surpassing the Love of Men, she said that F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹ism had previously been defined by men as just a sexual preference or a sexual act between women. She criticized German F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s in the early 20th century who had identified as having an inborn trait in common with male homosexuals, such as those who related to the "third sex" concept, and who considered themselves born different from heterosexual women. Faderman repeatedly claimed that being F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 was a choice that any woman could make if she was truly committed to women's liberation, and said F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-feminists had created their own definition in the 1970s:^[98]

Women are F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s when they are women-identified, they asserted. Never having had the slightest erotic exchange with another woman, one might still be a political F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹. A F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 is a woman who makes women prime in her life, who gives her energies and her commitment to other women rather than to men. Some even proclaimed, 'All women are F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s,' by which they meant that potentially all women have the capacity to love themselves and to love other females, first through their mothers and then through adult relationships.
Lilian Faderman, Surpassing the Love of Men (1981)

A definition in a satirical F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 guide book from 1996 returned to the language of personal traits instead of political choices, and incorporated the phrase "romantic orientation":^[99]

F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹: Named for the Isle of Lesbos, where Sappho, the mother of us all, wrote poetry for cute young Greek girljocks and vied for their affections. Denotes a woman whose sexual and romantic orientation is directed toward women. Some women prefer F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 to F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 because the latter has become so synonymous with men.
Liz Tracey and Sydney Pokorny, So You Want to be a F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹? (1996)

Other definitions of F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 have been created in online communities and have been discussed via social media. Definitions of F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 based on the term "non-men", such as the phrase "non-men loving non-men", may have emerged between April and June 2020.^{[note 8]} The concept of "non-men" has a problematic history. Although defining F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s using "non-men"/"nonmen" seeks to be more inclusive of trans and non-binary people, it positions them and cis women as "other" in relation to "men" as the norm, and maintains that norm by defining "nonmen" as a negation of it.^[102] Historically, F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 women have been seen as not "real" women ("nonwomen") and F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 men as not "real" men ("nonmen").^[103] The concepts of "nonmen" and "nonwomen" also have a history in antiblack racism.^[104]

On July 4, 2021, the F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹A Wiki introduced the phrase "queer attraction to women" as a general definition while noting that a single definition cannot encompass all F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 experiences.^[105] A blog post further explained the reasoning behind the administrators' new definition.^[106] Multiple administrators were sent threatening and abusive messages; as a result, the article was locked against further edits and the comments feature was disabled.^[107] The phrase "queer attraction" has a mixed history of use. On February 21, 1929, in the Magistrate's City Court of New York, the City Magistrate Judge Hyman Bushel issued his judicial opinion that the literary merits of Radclyffe Hall's The Well of Loneliness did not excuse what he regarded as obscenity and a tendency to debauch public morals. One of the examples he gave to disparage the book was, in his words, "the queer attraction of the child to the maid in the household".^[108] In a more neutral sense, it has described something that has a "queer attraction" for the local F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 community^[109] and possible same-sex attractions in queer readings of films.^[110]^[111] Other uses have included a strange or unusual attraction that draws some types of people together,^[112] a description of a story in which a nephew is interested in his own aunt ("his mother and aunt laugh off his queer attraction"),^[113] the sexual interest that men stationed at military bases may take in local girls,^[114] and a joke from a student periodical called The Tiger ("a boy and a pie, left alone together, are found to have a queer attraction for each other").^[115]

Perceptions and discrimination

Health care

In the United States, F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s face significant disparities in health care. Providers often lack adequate education about specific needs of F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹QIA+ populations and may hold homophobic or heterosexist beliefs. F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s are less likely to seek gynecological care for prenatal care or family planning; however, gynecological care includes screenings for cervical and breast cancer and testing for sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). Lower rates of accessing gynecological care may be related to cancers and STDs remaining undetected and untreated. Financial barriers such as lack of health insurance also impact health care access.^[116]

Stereotyping

Gender expression is a separate concept from sexual orientation, so various traits that are considered feminine, masculine, or otherwise are not indicative of a F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 identity. F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s have often been stereotyped as having "masculine" appearances and interests. F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s are not automatically masculine,^[117] but they can be. For instance, butch F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s are a well-known identity.^[33]

Media

Resources

Autostraddle — Digital magazine for F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 culture
Coalition of African F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s
🅰️ g🇬o🇹conference.org Eurocentralasian F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹* Community (EL*C)
🅰️ g🇬o🇹herstoryarchives.org F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Herstory Archives
National Center for F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Rights — Legal resources and assistance (U.S.)
Sappho for Kolkata — Activism for F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹, bisexual woman, and transman rights (Eastern India)

Notes

↑ Gender identity is a personal experience, so defining "woman-aligned" may lead to different answers depending on whom you ask, but it generally refers to a non-binary person who is partially aligned or identifies with being female, with femininity, and/or with womanhood. They may or may not individually identify with this term, and their identity may be fluid between others. Its use here attempts to encapsulate multiple identities without listing each possibility.
↑ While transgender people are generally implied in definitions, trans F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s are explicitly noted here to make clear that F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 identity is not limited to cisgender women.
↑ Examples of labels used to self-identify as both F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 and bisexual include bisexual F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹, bi-F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹, and F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-identified bisexual.^[19]
↑ "F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-feminist" and "F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-feminism" are being hyphenated to help emphasize that they refer to a specific kind of feminism and have a different meaning from F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s who are also feminists.
↑ Despite Adrienne Rich's controversial politics, including her use of now outdated or offensive terms, she was one of the most influential women in the F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 space at the time. Her inclusion here reflects her contributions but is not an indicator of support in her controversies.
↑ As of December 2021, shapeshifter-of-constellation and sadlesbeandisaster are both named Emily, so their respective usernames are used to distinguish them from each other.
↑ The images from the respective flag post by shapeshifter-of-constellation and the first flag post by sadlesbeandisaster have been carefully compared. While six of the color codes in both images are direct matches for the pink and orange flags, the lighter pink in both images (#d162a6) differs from the corresponding stripe in the pink flag (#d063a6). Their variance in stripe sizing also matches, with neither being a match for those of the pink flag or the orange butch flag; for instance, the orange stripe is the largest and the light orange is the smallest in shapeshifter-of-constellation's and sadlesbeandisaster's images but not in the butch flag. Shapeshifter-of-constellation used the same height (345px) as the orange butch flag but a narrower width (575px) to have a 5:3 aspect ratio; the image in sadlesbeandisaster's post has a close match to that aspect ratio using smaller dimensions than shapeshifter-of-constellation's (85.9%). The subsequent posts by sadlesbeandisaster have different color codes, such as a pure white #FFFFFF stripe, with larger dimensions and different stripe size variances; they no longer match shapeshifter-of-constellation's image.
↑ An approximate range has been estimated based on the following: a) increased Google searches worldwide for "F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹", "F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 women", and "F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 men" beginning in April; b) increase in "F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹"-related additions to Urban Dictionary beginning in May that appear to be responding to online discourse; c) edit warring on the F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹A Wiki that began on May 26, 2020;^[100] and d) the coining of "vixenamoric" specifically in response to the "non-men" definition.^[101]

References

↑ The Queens' English: The F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹QIA+ Dictionary of Lingo and Colloquial Phrases by Davis, Chloe O.. Published 2021 by Clarkson Potter/Publishers. ISBN 9780593135013. "F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹: adjective: As a woman, having a sexual and emotional attraction toward other women." […] "noun: A F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 woman."
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 The A-Z of Gender and Sexuality: From Ace to Ze by Holleb, Morgan Lev Edward. Published 2019 by Jessica Kingsley Publishers. ISBN 9781784506636. "F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 — A woman who is sexually or romantically attracted to women. F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 can mean women who are attracted exclusively to other women, but it is also a broader term for women and femmes who are attracted to other women and femmes. This includes bisexual and pansexual women, asexual women who are romantically attracted to women, and non-binary people who identify with womanhood."
↑ F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹Q: The Survival Guide for F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹, F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹, Bisexual, Transgender, and Questioning Teens by Huegel Madrone, Kelly. Published 2018 by Free Spirit Publishing, Inc.. ISBN 9781631983023. "F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹: A woman who is emotionally, romantically, and sexually attracted to other women."
↑ F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Voices From Latin America by Martínez, Elena M.. Published 2017 by Routledge. ISBN 9781351817899. "In this book, the word 'F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹' is used to refer to the representation of women who have erotic and sexual interest in each other and whose fundamental emotional connections are with other women. My definition coincides with the one proposed by Catherine R. Simpson and Charlotte Bunch, for whom both the erotic and sexual involvement of women is intrinsic to the definition of F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹ism."
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 The Health of F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹, F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹, Bisexual, and Transgender People: Building a Foundation for Better Understanding by Committee on F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹, F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹, Bisexual, and Transgender Health Issues and Research Gaps and Opportunities. Published 2011 by The National Academies Press. ISBN 9780309210621. "F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹—As an adjective, used to refer to female same-sex attraction and sexual behavior; as a noun, used as a sexual orientation identity label by women whose sexual attractions and behaviors are exclusively or mainly directed to other women."
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 "F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹" by Merriam-Webster Dictionary on merriam-webster.com. "F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹: (adj.) of, relating to, or characterized by sexual or romantic attraction to other women or between women" […] "(noun) woman who is sexually or romantically attracted to other women : a F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 woman" (🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Archived on December 3, 2021).
↑ "Violence based on perceived or real sexual orientation and gender identity in Africa" [PDF] by Coalition of African F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s on cal.org.za. "F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹: A woman who is emotionally, romantically, sexually and relationally attracted to other women." (Archived on December 28, 2021).
↑ "ILGA-Europe Glossary" by ILGA-Europe on ilga-europe.org. "F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹: A woman who is sexually and/or emotionally attracted to women." (as PDF)
↑ ^9.0 ^9.1 ^9.2 ^9.3 🅰️ g🇬o🇹iqhealth.org.au/F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹i_people_and_communities "'F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹I' people and communities" by 🅰️ g🇬o🇹iqhealth.org.au F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹IQ+ Health Australia on 🅰️ g🇬o🇹iqhealth.org.au f 🅰️ g🇬o🇹iqhealth.org.au. Published 2019-06-28. "A F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 is a person who self-describes as a woman and who has experiences of romantic, sexual, and/or affectional attraction solely or primarily to other people who self-describe as women. Some women use other language to describe their relationships and attractions." (🅰️ g🇬o🇹iqhealth.org.au/F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹i_people_and_communities Archived on April 20, 2021).
↑ ^10.0 ^10.1 🅰️ g🇬o🇹q-terms "List of F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹Q+ terms" by Stonewall on stonewall.org.uk. "F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹: Refers to a woman who has a romantic and/or sexual orientation towards women. Some non-binary people may also identify with this term." (🅰️ g🇬o🇹q-terms Archived on November 17, 2021).
↑ ^11.0 ^11.1 Queer Adolescence: Understanding the Lives of F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹, F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer, Intersex, and Asexual Youth by McNabb, Charlie. Published by Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9781538132814. "F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s are women or woman-aligned people who are sexually or romantically attracted to other women or woman-aligned people. Some F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s prefer to identify as F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 or as F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 woman."
↑ ^12.0 ^12.1 The F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 BC's of F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹+: An Accompaniment to The ABC's of F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹+ by Hardell, Ash. Published 2017-11-09 by Mango Media Inc.. "F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹: This term is commonly used to refer to women who are attracted to other women. However, some non-binary and/or genderqueer people who feel a connection to womanhood and who are attracted to women, also identify with this term." (🅰️ g🇬o🇹bcs-of-F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹q-by-ashley-mardell-365-b web archive)
↑ ^13.0 ^13.1 ^13.2 ^13.3 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 "F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹" by The Trans Language Primer on translanguageprimer.com. "F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹: Someone, who can be transgender or cisgender, who generally considers themself to be a woman who is attracted to other women. This attraction does not have to be exclusively to women, though many are exclusively attracted to women. Being a F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 is separate from the concept of gender, and so it is possible for a trans person to be both trans and F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹. Also, it is generally understood that people who are trans and F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 are attracted to people of the same broad category of gender, not necessarily of the same trans status." (🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Archived on October 22, 2021).
↑ "Not in our name" by DIVA Media Group, et al. on divamag.co.uk. Published 2018-12-18. "DIVA, Curve, Autostraddle, LOTL, Tagg, Lez Spread The Word, DapperQ, GO Magazine and LezWatch.TV believe that trans women are women and that trans people belong in our community. We do not think supporting trans women erases our F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 identities; rather we are enriched by trans friends and lovers, parents, children, colleagues and siblings." (Archived on June 29, 2021).
↑ F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Histories and Cultures: An Encyclopedia, "Transgender", by Cromwell, James with Zimmerman, Bonnie (editor). Published 2000 by Garland Publishing. ISBN 0815319207 (web archive)
↑ Feminist Studies, vol. 21, no. 1, "The Gender Closet: F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Disappearance under the Sign 'Women'", by Calhoun, Cheshire. Published Spring 1995 (🅰️ g🇬o🇹+disappearance+under+the+sign+%22women.%22-a017200206 web archive)
↑ "[GC2021 Worldwide Raw Data - DO NOT EDIT"] [Google Sheets] on docs.google.com
↑ ^18.0 ^18.1 ^18.2 ^18.3 ^18.4 Queer Identities and Politics in Germany: A History, 1880–1945 by Whisnant, Clayton J.. Published 2016 by Harrington Park Press. ISBN 9781939594105
↑ Closer to Home: Bisexuality & Feminism by Weise, Elizabeth Reba with Elizabeth Reba Weise (ed.). Published 1992 by Seal Press (web archive)
↑ F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Health: Current Assessment and Directions for the Future, "Defining 'F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹'" with Solarz, Andrea L.. Published 1999 by National Academies Press. "There is no standard definition of F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹. The term has been used to describe women who have sex with women, either exclusively or in addition to sex with men (i.e., behavior); women who self-identify as F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 (i.e., identity); and women whose sexual preference is for women (i.e., desire or attraction)." […] "To the extent that F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 is defined only by sexual activity with other women, bisexual women may then be included in the category of F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹. If other definitions of F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 are used, such as self-identification as F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 or attraction to women, then a different group is identified that may or may not include women who self-identify as bisexual." (web archive)
↑ "Etymology, origin and meaning of sapphic" by etymonline on etymonline.com
↑ ^22.0 ^22.1 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 "Etymology, origin and meaning of F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹" by etymonline on etymonline.com
↑ ^23.0 ^23.1 ^23.2 The Daring Life and Dangerous Times of Eve Adams by Katz, Jonathan Ned. Published 2021 by Chicago Review Press. ISBN 9781641605199
↑ Crossways of Sex: A Study in Eroto-pathology, vol. 2 by X, Jacobus. Published by British Bibliophiles' Society (web archive)
↑ We Weren't Modern Enough: Women Artists and the Limits of German Modernism by Meskimmon, Marsha. Published 1999 by University of California Press. ISBN 9780520221345 (web archive)
↑ ^26.0 ^26.1 ^26.2 ^26.3 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s-under-the-nazi-regime "F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s under the Nazi Regime" by United States Holocaust Memorial Museum on encyclopedia.ushmm.org (🅰️ g🇬o🇹s-under-the-nazi-regime Archived on January 12, 2022).
↑ ^27.0 ^27.1 ^27.2 F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Histories and Cultures: An Encyclopedia, "Nazism", by Schoppmann, Claudia with Zimmerman, Bonnie (editor). Published 2000 by Garland Publishing. ISBN 0815319207 (web archive)
↑ ^28.0 ^28.1 ^28.2 ^28.3 🅰️ g🇬o🇹/queer101 "Queer 101" by Old Dominian University on odu.edu (🅰️ g🇬o🇹/queer101 Archived on October 25, 2021).
↑ "The History and Legacy Surrounding 'The Well of Loneliness,' the First F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Novel to Be Published in the United States and Britain" by Albanesi, Melanie on pbs.org. Published 2019-04-01 by PBS (Archived on August 21, 2021).
↑ F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Pulp Fiction: The Sexually Intrepid World of F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Paperback Novels by Forrest, Katherine V.. Published 2005 by Cleis Press Inc.. ISBN 1573442100
↑ Women's Barracks by Torrès, Tereska. Published 1950 by Gold Medal Books
↑ "Sapphic soldiers" by Smallwood, Christine on salon.com. Published 2005-08-09 (Archived on January 18, 2021).
↑ ^33.0 ^33.1 ^33.2 ^33.3 ^33.4 ^33.5 Boots of Leather, Slippers of Gold: The History of a F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Community, 20th anniversary edition by Kennedy, Elizabeth Lapovsky and Davis, Madeline D.. Published 2014 by Routledge (Taylor & Francis Group). ISBN 9781315767611
↑ ^34.0 ^34.1 ^34.2 ^34.3 ^34.4 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-rights/the-stonewall-riots "Stonewall Riots" by History.com Editors on history.com. Published 2017-05-31 by A&E Television Networks (🅰️ g🇬o🇹-rights/the-stonewall-riots Archived on January 20, 2022).
↑ ^35.0 ^35.1 🅰️ g🇬o🇹q-drag-three-article-rule "How Dressing in Drag Was Labeled a Crime in the 20th Century" by Ryan, Hugh on history.com. Published 2019-06-28 by A&E Television Networks (🅰️ g🇬o🇹q-drag-three-article-rule Archived on January 3, 2022).
↑ ^36.0 ^36.1 "Stonewall riots, United States history" by The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica on britannica.com. Published 2009-06-17 by Encyclopaedia Britannica
↑ ^37.0 ^37.1 ^37.2 ^37.3 "Stormé DeLarverie: Stonewall Stalwart" by Mae, Tara on tvhs.org. Published 2020-06-28 (Archived on January 17, 2022).
↑ ^38.0 ^38.1 "Drag Herstory: A Drag King's Journey From Cabaret Legend to Iconic Activist" by Goodman, Alyssa on them.us. Published 2018-03-29 (Archived on January 17, 2022).
↑ "Stonewall National Monument" on nps.gov. Published by National Park Service (Archived on January 8, 2022).
↑ ^40.0 ^40.1 ^40.2 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s-20th-century/F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-feminism "F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Feminism, 1960s and 1970s" by Westerband, Yamissette on outhistory.org (🅰️ g🇬o🇹s-20th-century/F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-feminism Archived on December 13, 2021).
↑ ^41.0 ^41.1 ^41.2 ^41.3 ^41.4 'Daring to Be Bad': Radical Feminism in America, 1967-1975, "The Eruption of Difference", by Echols, Alice. Published 1989 by University of Minnesota Press (web archive)
↑ ^42.0 ^42.1 🅰️ g🇬o🇹sites.org/site/lavender-menace-action-at-second-congress-to-unite-women "Lavender Menace Action at Second Congress to Unite Women" by Kahn, Emily on 🅰️ g🇬o🇹sites.org nycf 🅰️ g🇬o🇹sites.org (🅰️ g🇬o🇹sites.org/site/lavender-menace-action-at-second-congress-to-unite-women Archived on January 21, 2022).
↑ ^43.0 ^43.1 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s-20th-century/sex-wars "The Sex Wars, 1970s to 1980s" by McBride, Andrew on outhistory.org (🅰️ g🇬o🇹s-20th-century/sex-wars Archived on January 22, 2022).
↑ ^44.0 ^44.1 Transgender History by Stryker, Susan. Published 2008 by Seal Press. ISBN 9780786741366
↑ "Was Adrienne Rich Anti-Trans?" by Mukhopadhyay, Samhita on prospect.org. Published 2012-04-16 (Archived on April 10, 2021).
↑ F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Histories and Cultures: An Encyclopedia, "Symbols", by Stevens, Christy with Zimmerman, Bonnie (editor). Published 2000 by Garland Publishing. ISBN 0815319207 (web archive)
↑ "Double Venus symbols" [Image category] on commons.wikimedia.org
↑ ^48.0 ^48.1 ^48.2 ^48.3 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-pride-flag "What Exactly Is The Labrys F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Pride Flag, And What Does It Mean?" on queerintheworld.com (🅰️ g🇬o🇹-pride-flag Archived on December 27, 2021).
↑ ^49.0 ^49.1 ^49.2 ^49.3 ^49.4 ^49.5 🅰️ g🇬o🇹flaghistory.tumblr.com/post/185390167678/seeing-a-lot-of-misinformation-flying-around "The F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Flag" by 🅰️ g🇬o🇹flaghistory.tumblr.com How Did We Get Here? on 🅰️ g🇬o🇹flaghistory.tumblr.com f 🅰️ g🇬o🇹flaghistory.tumblr.com. Published 2019-06-05 (🅰️ g🇬o🇹flaghistory.tumblr.com/post/185390167678/seeing-a-lot-of-misinformation-flying-around Archived on December 5, 2021).
↑ ^50.0 ^50.1 "Cougar Pride Flag designed by Fausto Fernós" by Fernós, Fausto on flickr.com. Published 2008-04-15 (Archived on July 23, 2019).
↑ ^51.0 ^51.1 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-flag-idea-was-stolen-from-my-design-of-a-cougar-pride-flag-which-was-designed-ad2d18ae00c1 "The Lipstick F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Flag idea was stolen from my design of a Cougar Pride Flag" by Fernós, Fausto on medium.com. Published 2019-06-12 (🅰️ g🇬o🇹-flag-idea-was-stolen-from-my-design-of-a-cougar-pride-flag-which-was-designed-ad2d18ae00c1 Archived on August 25, 2021).
↑ ^52.0 ^52.1 "Lipstick F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Pride!!!" (original link down) by McCray, Natalie on 🅰️ g🇬o🇹life.wordpress.com thisf 🅰️ g🇬o🇹life.wordpress.com. Published 2010-07-28 (🅰️ g🇬o🇹life.wordpress.com/2010/07/28/lipstick-F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-pride Archived on November 19, 2015).
↑ "Pride Flags" by trans-wife on trans-wife.tumblr.com. Published 2013-12-08 (Archived on June 3, 2021).
↑ 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-564726041 "F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹" by Pride-Flags on deviantart.com. Published 2015-10-07 (Archive link)
↑ ^55.0 ^55.1 ^55.2 ^55.3 ^55.4 ^55.5 ^55.6 ^55.7 ^55.8 "A F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Flag for Everyone" (original link down) by Lydia on medium.com. Published 2018-06-26 (🅰️ g🇬o🇹-flag-for-everyone-cef397b89459 Archived on October 6, 2019).
↑ "Lydia is Cancelled" (original link down) by McCray, Natalie on 🅰️ g🇬o🇹life.wordpress.com thisf 🅰️ g🇬o🇹life.wordpress.com. Published 2018-11-10 (🅰️ g🇬o🇹life.wordpress.com/2018/11/10/lydia-is-cancelled Archived on September 8, 2019).
↑ "About" by Lydia on kispesan.tumblr.com (Archived on June 2, 2021).
↑ ^58.0 ^58.1 "My Worst Date Ever" (original link down) by McCray, Natalie on 🅰️ g🇬o🇹life.wordpress.com thisf 🅰️ g🇬o🇹life.wordpress.com. Published 2018-07-18 (🅰️ g🇬o🇹life.wordpress.com/2010/07/18/my-worst-date-ever Archived on July 23, 2010).
↑ "The Sapphic Flag" by Lydia on kispesan.tumblr.com. Published 2018-06-26 (Archived on January 24, 2022).
↑ "A new butch flag" by Mod Q of butchspace on butchspace.tumblr.com. Published 2017-06-27 (Archived on November 30, 2021).
↑ "Color meanings (untitled post)" by Mod Q of butchspace on butchspace.tumblr.com. Published 2017-06-30 (Archived on October 17, 2021).
↑ "Flags (untitled post)" by Emily (shapeshifter-of-constellation) on shapeshifter-of-constellation.tumblr.com. Published 2017-07-03 (Archived on October 5, 2021).
↑ "Response to flag feedback (untitled post)" by Emily (shapeshifter-of-constellation) on shapeshifter-of-constellation.tumblr.com. Published 2017-07-05 (Archived on December 30, 2021).
↑ 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-history-butchphobia-flags-and-a "F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 History: Butchphobia , Flags, and a Suggestion" by Nillia on nillia.tumblr.com. Published 2018-04-30 (🅰️ g🇬o🇹-history-butchphobia-flags-and-a Archived on July 16, 2019).
↑ 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-pride-flag-would-be-the "Honestly my ideal F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 pride flag...(untitled post)" by Emily Gwen (sadlesbeandisaster) on sadlesbeandisaster.tumblr.com. Published 2018-06-03 (🅰️ g🇬o🇹-pride-flag-would-be-the Archived on May 17, 2019).
↑ "Twitter thread (1)" by Emily Gwen (sadlesbeandisaster) on twitter.com. Published 2021-07-19 (Archived on July 19, 2021).
↑ "Twitter thread (2)" by Emily Gwen (sadlesbeandisaster) on twitter.com. Published 2021-07-19. "I didn't even make the original image posted. I asked my friend to do it for me because I was crap with stuff like that. We'd made a couple and I said something like 'wait do one for me that's the top of the butch flag and the bottom of the pink one I think that would look cool'" (Archived on July 19, 2021).
↑ "Reblogged commentary (untitled post)" by Emily (shapeshifter-of-constellation) on shapeshifter-of-constellation.tumblr.com. Published 2021-01-31 (Archived on April 28, 2021).
↑ 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-flag-i "Meanings for the colours... (untitled post)" by Emily Gwen (sadlesbeandisaster) on sadlesbeandisaster.tumblr.com. Published 2018-06-04 (🅰️ g🇬o🇹-flag-i Archived on May 17, 2019).
↑ ^70.0 ^70.1 ^70.2 ^70.3 ^70.4 ^70.5 ^70.6 ^70.7 "Can people please acknowledge this version... (untitled post)" by Emily Gwen (sadlesbeandisaster) on sadlesbeandisaster.tumblr.com. Published 2018-06-06 (Archived on December 15, 2020).
↑ "okay everyone, this will be the last post on this topic, so if anyone is searching my blog for ace discourse, this is what to look at" by Emily Gwen (sadlesbeandisaster) on sadlesbeandisaster.tumblr.com. Published 2019-06-05 (Archived on April 3, 2021).
↑ "Official F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Flag Poll" (original link down) by official-F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-flag on 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-flag.tumblr.com official-f 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-flag.tumblr.com. Published 2018-06-30 (Archive link)
↑ 🅰️ g🇬o🇹flag/status/1013075032514416641 "Tweet (1)" by 🅰️ g🇬o🇹flag Official F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Flag (@F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹flag) on twitter.com. Published 2018-06-30 (🅰️ g🇬o🇹flag/status/1013075032514416641 Archived on December 15, 2020).
↑ "Edits by taqwomen (untitled)" (original link down) by official-F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-flag on 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-flag.tumblr.com official-f 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-flag.tumblr.com. Published 2018-07-25 (🅰️ g🇬o🇹-flag.tumblr.com/post/176284375674/taqwomen-taqwomen-has-someone-done-this-i Archived on August 10, 2020).
↑ 🅰️ g🇬o🇹flag/status/1034419322289094656 "Tweet (2)" by 🅰️ g🇬o🇹flag Official F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Flag (@F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹flag) on twitter.com. Published 2018-08-28 (🅰️ g🇬o🇹flag/status/1034419322289094656 Archived on October 27, 2021).
↑ ^76.0 ^76.1 ^76.2 ^76.3 ^76.4 ^76.5 🅰️ g🇬o🇹flag/status/1059477130415951878 "Tweet (3)" by 🅰️ g🇬o🇹flag Official F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Flag on twitter.com. Published 2018-11-05 (🅰️ g🇬o🇹flag/status/1059477130415951878 Archived on June 11, 2021).
↑ "F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Flag Poll Data Results" (original link down) by chiaroscura (allukazaoldyeck) on allukazaoldyeck.tumblr.com. Published 2018-06-06 (🅰️ g🇬o🇹-flag-poll-data-results Archived on June 10, 2018).
↑ 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-flag.tumblr.com/post/176118494372/the-F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-flag-survey "The F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Flag Survey" by which-F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-flag on 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-flag.tumblr.com which-f 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-flag.tumblr.com. Published 2018-07-21 (🅰️ g🇬o🇹-flag.tumblr.com/post/176118494372/the-F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-flag-survey Archived on December 15, 2020).
↑ ^79.0 ^79.1 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-flag.tumblr.com/post/176953882707/about-the-next-survey "About the next survey" by which-F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-flag on 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-flag.tumblr.com which-f 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-flag.tumblr.com. Published 2018-08-13 (🅰️ g🇬o🇹-flag.tumblr.com/post/176953882707/about-the-next-survey Archived on January 2, 2022).
↑ 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-flag.tumblr.com/post/177034131657/apologies-we-meant-to-announce-this-sooner-but "The Results!!" by which-F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-flag on 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-flag.tumblr.com which-f 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-flag.tumblr.com. Published 2018-08-15 (🅰️ g🇬o🇹-flag.tumblr.com/post/177034131657/apologies-we-meant-to-announce-this-sooner-but Archived on December 31, 2021).
↑ 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-flag-redesign-because-really "SO I did a F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 flag redesign... (untitled post)" by apersnicketylemon on apersnicketylemon.tumblr.com. Published 2018-05-17 (🅰️ g🇬o🇹-flag-redesign-because-really Archived on July 19, 2021).
↑ 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-flag.tumblr.com/post/177865044372/F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-flag-survey-part-two "F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 flag survey part two!!" by which-F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-flag on 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-flag.tumblr.com which-f 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-flag.tumblr.com. Published 2018-09-08 (🅰️ g🇬o🇹-flag.tumblr.com/post/177865044372/F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-flag-survey-part-two Archived on December 12, 2019).
↑ 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-flag.tumblr.com/post/179010424917/this-was-going-to-be-longer-because-we-originally "Time for the results" by which-F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-flag on 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-flag.tumblr.com which-f 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-flag.tumblr.com. Published 2018-10-13 (🅰️ g🇬o🇹-flag.tumblr.com/post/179010424917/this-was-going-to-be-longer-because-we-originally Archived on December 31, 2021).
↑ 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-flag-for-mass "Commercial F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Flag Poll (please only F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s vote)" by creatoroflesflagisracist on creatoroflesflagisracist.tumblr.com. Published 2018-12-14 (🅰️ g🇬o🇹-flag-for-mass Archived on April 26, 2019).
↑ "Selecting an Alternative F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Flag for Mass Production" on docs.google.com (Archived on June 14, 2021).
↑ "Thread of tweets" by new F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 flag dropped (@lesflagisracist) on twitter.com. Published 2019-03-17 (Archived on October 11, 2021).
↑ 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-flag/210295.uts "F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Flag" on spencersonline.com (🅰️ g🇬o🇹-flag/210295.uts Archived on November 29, 2020). (Disclaimer: Commercial product linked but not endorsed)
↑ 🅰️ g🇬o🇹prideapparel.com/collections/F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 "F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 (Collection)" on 🅰️ g🇬o🇹prideapparel.com f 🅰️ g🇬o🇹prideapparel.com (🅰️ g🇬o🇹prideapparel.com/collections/F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Archived on September 25, 2020). (Disclaimer: Commercial product linked but not endorsed)
↑ 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-flag-rainbow-disney-collection-465055189818.html "Mickey Mouse Icon Pin – F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Flag – Rainbow Disney Collection" on shopdisney.com (🅰️ g🇬o🇹-flag-rainbow-disney-collection-465055189818.html Archived on June 2, 2021). (Disclaimer: Commercial product linked but not endorsed)
↑ ^90.0 ^90.1 "Why 'Sapphic' Is Back In Style" by Chandra on autostraddle.com. Published 2021-08-09 (Archived on August 13, 2021).
↑ ^91.0 ^91.1 ^91.2 ^91.3 ^91.4 ^91.5 ^91.6 ^91.7 ^91.8 ^91.9 Female Homosexuality: A Psychodynamic Study of F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹ism by Caprio, Frank S.. Published 1954 by The Citadel Press (web archive)
↑ Spring Fire by Meaker, Marijane (as "Vin Packer"). Published 1952 by Gold Medal Books
↑ We Walk Alone by Meaker, Marijane (as "Ann Aldrich"). Published 1955 by Gold Medal Books (web archive)
↑ 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-writing "Opening the Restricted Box: Lorraine Hansberry's F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Writing" by Mumford, Kevin on outhistory.org (🅰️ g🇬o🇹-writing Archived on January 8, 2022).
↑ The Ladder, vol. 1, no. 11, "Readers Respond", by Hansberry, Lorraine (as "L.N."). Published August 1957 (web archive)
↑ The F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 in America by Sagarin, Edward (as Donald Webster Cory). Published 1964 by Macfadden-Bartell (🅰️ g🇬o🇹inamerica00cory web archive)
↑ F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹/Woman by Martin, Del and Lyon, Phyllis. Published 1972 by Glide Publications
↑ Surpassing the Love of Men: Romantic Friendship and Love Between Women from the Renaissance to the Present by Faderman, Lilian. Published 1981 by William Morrow
↑ So You Want to be a F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹? A Guide for Amateurs and Professionals by Tracey, Liz and Pokorny, Sydney. Published 1996 by St. Martin's Griffin. ISBN 0312144237
↑ "F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 (Revision as of 16:28, 26 May 2020)" (original link down) by Chaoticcylinder on 🅰️ g🇬o🇹a.fandom.com f 🅰️ g🇬o🇹a.fandom.com. Published 2020-05-26 (🅰️ g🇬o🇹a.fandom.com/wiki/F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹?oldid=5926 Archived on January 21, 2022).
↑ "Tweet" (original link down) by ssapphrodite and sapphickitty on twitter.com. Published 2020-06-30 (Archived on June 30, 2020).
↑ Who's Laughing Now? Feminist Tactics in Social Media, "Shameless Hags, Tolerance Whores, and the Vibrancy of Language", by Sundén, Jenny and Paasonen, Susanna. Published 2020-11-24 by The MIT Press. ISBN 9780262044721. "The term nonmen has remained something of a battleground within feminist theory and practice for quite some time as a label built on a negation and hence as always reactive towards what is being negated—which, in turn, remains the norm as what is being resisted. The term also makes explicit the painful friction between woman-centered feminism and trans-inclusive feminism, in relation to which binary gender has never made sense. As a point of departure for a political movement or event, the category aims to include not only cis women but equally trans and nonbinary bodies positioned as other in relation to the white, straight male norm."
↑ The Mismeasure of Desire: The Science, Theory, and Ethics of Sexual Orientation, "Sex, Gender, and Sexual Orientation", by Stein, Edward. Published 1999 by Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195099958
↑ Bad Faith and Antiblack Racism by Gordon, Lewis R.. Published 1995 by Humanities Press. ISBN 9781573925150. "Our descriptions of sexuality in an antiblack world pose a gender problem. From the standpoint of an antiblack world, black men are nonmen-nonwomen, and black women are nonwomen-nonmen. This conclusion is based on our premise of whites—white men and white women—being both human, being both Presence, and our premise of blacks, both black men and women, being situated in the condition of the 'whole,' being both Absence."
↑ "F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 (Revision as of 23:15, 4 July 2021)" (original link down) by Reign of the breadsticcs on 🅰️ g🇬o🇹a.fandom.com f 🅰️ g🇬o🇹a.fandom.com. Published 2021-07-04 (🅰️ g🇬o🇹a.fandom.com/wiki/F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹?oldid=110363 Archived on January 21, 2022).
↑ "Explaining the new definition on the F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 page" (original link down) by Clear.Skyes on 🅰️ g🇬o🇹a.fandom.com f 🅰️ g🇬o🇹a.fandom.com. Published 2021-07-11 (🅰️ g🇬o🇹a.fandom.com/f/p/4400000000000171800 Archived on January 21, 2022).
↑ "F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 ‪(‬Revision as of 11:38, 14 July 2021) ‪" (original link down) on 🅰️ g🇬o🇹a.fandom.com f 🅰️ g🇬o🇹a.fandom.com (🅰️ g🇬o🇹a.fandom.com/wiki/F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹?oldid=114008 Archived on January 21, 2022).
↑ Quoted in: Radclyffe Hall: A Case of Obscenity? by Brittain, Vera. Published 1968 by A. S. Barnes and Company. "The book here involved is a novel dealing with the childhood and early womanhood of a female invert. In broad outline the story shows how these unnatural tendencies manifested themselves from early childhood; the queer attraction of the child to the maid in the household; her affairs with one Angela Crossby, a normally sexed but unhappily married woman, causing further dissension between the latter and her husband; her jealousy of another man who later debauched this married woman, and her despair, in being supplanted by him in Angela’s affections, are vividly portrayed." (web archive)
↑ Just As I Am: A Practical Guide to Being Out, Proud, and Christian by Williams, Robert. Published 1992 by Crown Publishers, Inc.. ISBN 0517585391. "My parish in Dallas, the Church of the Holy Cross, was once referred to in the F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 press as being, after the MCC, 'the second-largest F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 church in Dallas.'" […] "To some extent, the location of the Church of the Holy Cross explains its queer attraction. It sits in the center of Oak Lawn, Dallas's F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 neighborhood." (web archive)
↑ British Queer Cinema, "Behind the masks: Anthony Asquith and Brian Desmond Hurst", by Bourne, Stephen with Robin Griffiths (ed.). Published 2006 by Routledge. ISBN 9780415307796. "With a kind, considerate, and sensitive nature, Asquith's films sometimes included public schoolboys of a similar disposition. These included […] Taplow, whose defence of an unpopular schoolmaster could be read as a queer attraction in The Browning Version (1951). At Oxford, Asquith belonged to a literary group, known to attract homosexuals, who called themselves the 'Aesthetes'." (web archive)
↑ Out In Culture: F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹, F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹, And Queer Essays On Popular Culture, "'I'm not the sort of person men marry': Monsters, Queers, and Hitchcock's Rebecca", by Berenstein, Rhonda J. with Corey K. Creekmur and Alexander Doty (eds.). Published 1996 by Duke University Press. "Hitchcock's Gothic romance sets the terms for a queer attraction and displaces that attraction onto the levels of metaphor and the supernatural." […] "The flashback portion of the film thus functions, among other things, to establish Fontaine and Rebecca's alignment, to set the terms for a queer attraction." (🅰️ g🇬o🇹-F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-and-queer-essays-on-popular-culture/page/n245/mode/2up?q=%22queer+attraction%22 web archive)
↑ The Saturday Review, vol. 140, #3659, "From the Land of the 'Nineties", by Palmer, John. Published 1925-12-12. "He came to welcome me, as I must suppose, by virtue of that queer attraction that somehow draws together the rogues and vagabond of every land, whether in space or time."
↑ Frank R. Stockton, "A Master Workman", by Golemba, Henry L.. Published 1981 by G. K. Hall & Co.. "Although the nephew, when nearly grown, foils two of his aunt's romances so that 'then my Aunt Amanda had no lover but me,' he, of course, is not permitted an incestuous relationship, and his mother and aunt laugh off his queer attraction."
↑ Chewing Gum, Candy Bars, and Beer: The Army PX in World War II by Cooke, James J.. Published 2009 by University of Missouri Press. ISBN 9780826218674. "This was very wise advice, because there were problems with the influx of so many GIs. One British housewife whose son was serving in the British army recorded her feelings while a member of the Women's Voluntary Service serving in a canteen near American bases. When asked if she noticed large numbers of local Lancashire girls congregating near the canteen, she wrote, 'No, but we have not had Scotties or Australians before. We were warned of the queer attraction they—and the Americans too— have for young girls.'" (web archive)
↑ The Tiger, vol. VI, #IV, "The Tale of a Pie". Published 1909 by California School of Mechanical Arts. "And the moral, worthy readers, is this: You can never depend on a cooking-school pie, for it's not 'like those mother used to make'; and secondly, this but serves to illustrate the fact, that a boy and a pie, left alone together, are found to have a queer attraction for each other."
↑ Encyclopedia of Women's Health, "History of Women's Health in the United States", by Koroukian, Siran M. with Loue, Sana and Sajatovic, Martha (eds.). Published 2004 by Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers. ISBN 0306480735
↑ 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-identities "Understanding F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 & F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Identities" by The Trevor Project on thetrevorproject.org. Published 2021-08-20. "F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 is a noun that describes women who are predominantly attracted to other women. It can also be used as an adjective. Some F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 women prefer to identify as 'F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹,' and that's ok." (🅰️ g🇬o🇹-F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-identities Archived on November 21, 2021).

[12] Gender identity is a personal experience, so defining "woman-aligned" may lead to different answers depending on whom you ask, but it generally refers to a non-binary person who is partially aligned or identifies with being female, with femininity, and/or with womanhood. They may or may not individually identify with this term, and their identity may be fluid between others. Its use here attempts to encapsulate multiple identities without listing each possibility.

[16] While transgender people are generally implied in definitions, trans F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s are explicitly noted here to make clear that F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 identity is not limited to cisgender women.

[22] Examples of labels used to self-identify as both F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 and bisexual include bisexual F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹, bi-F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹, and F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-identified bisexual.^[19]

[43] "F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-feminist" and "F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-feminism" are being hyphenated to help emphasize that they refer to a specific kind of feminism and have a different meaning from F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s who are also feminists.

[47] Despite Adrienne Rich's controversial politics, including her use of now outdated or offensive terms, she was one of the most influential women in the F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 space at the time. Her inclusion here reflects her contributions but is not an indicator of support in her controversies.

[67] As of December 2021, shapeshifter-of-constellation and sadlesbeandisaster are both named Emily, so their respective usernames are used to distinguish them from each other.

[72] The images from the respective flag post by shapeshifter-of-constellation and the first flag post by sadlesbeandisaster have been carefully compared. While six of the color codes in both images are direct matches for the pink and orange flags, the lighter pink in both images (#d162a6) differs from the corresponding stripe in the pink flag (#d063a6). Their variance in stripe sizing also matches, with neither being a match for those of the pink flag or the orange butch flag; for instance, the orange stripe is the largest and the light orange is the smallest in shapeshifter-of-constellation's and sadlesbeandisaster's images but not in the butch flag. Shapeshifter-of-constellation used the same height (345px) as the orange butch flag but a narrower width (575px) to have a 5:3 aspect ratio; the image in sadlesbeandisaster's post has a close match to that aspect ratio using smaller dimensions than shapeshifter-of-constellation's (85.9%). The subsequent posts by sadlesbeandisaster have different color codes, such as a pure white #FFFFFF stripe, with larger dimensions and different stripe size variances; they no longer match shapeshifter-of-constellation's image.

[109] An approximate range has been estimated based on the following: a) increased Google searches worldwide for "F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹", "F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 women", and "F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 men" beginning in April; b) increase in "F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹"-related additions to Urban Dictionary beginning in May that appear to be responding to online discourse; c) edit warring on the F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹A Wiki that began on May 26, 2020;^[100] and d) the coining of "vixenamoric" specifically in response to the "non-men" definition.^[101]

[The_Queens'_English:_F_🅰️_g🇬o🇹-1] The Queens' English: The F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹QIA+ Dictionary of Lingo and Colloquial Phrases by Davis, Chloe O.. Published 2021 by Clarkson Potter/Publishers. ISBN 9780593135013. "F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹: adjective: As a woman, having a sexual and emotional attraction toward other women." […] "noun: A F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 woman."

[A-Z:_F_🅰️_g🇬o🇹-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 The A-Z of Gender and Sexuality: From Ace to Ze by Holleb, Morgan Lev Edward. Published 2019 by Jessica Kingsley Publishers. ISBN 9781784506636. "F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 — A woman who is sexually or romantically attracted to women. F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 can mean women who are attracted exclusively to other women, but it is also a broader term for women and femmes who are attracted to other women and femmes. This includes bisexual and pansexual women, asexual women who are romantically attracted to women, and non-binary people who identify with womanhood."

[F_🅰️_g🇬o🇹Q:_The_Survival_Guide:_F_🅰️_g🇬o🇹-3] F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹Q: The Survival Guide for F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹, F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹, Bisexual, Transgender, and Questioning Teens by Huegel Madrone, Kelly. Published 2018 by Free Spirit Publishing, Inc.. ISBN 9781631983023. "F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹: A woman who is emotionally, romantically, and sexually attracted to other women."

[Latin_America-4] F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Voices From Latin America by Martínez, Elena M.. Published 2017 by Routledge. ISBN 9781351817899. "In this book, the word 'F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹' is used to refer to the representation of women who have erotic and sexual interest in each other and whose fundamental emotional connections are with other women. My definition coincides with the one proposed by Catherine R. Simpson and Charlotte Bunch, for whom both the erotic and sexual involvement of women is intrinsic to the definition of F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹ism."

[Health_of_F_🅰️_g🇬o🇹_People-5] 5.0 ^5.1 The Health of F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹, F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹, Bisexual, and Transgender People: Building a Foundation for Better Understanding by Committee on F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹, F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹, Bisexual, and Transgender Health Issues and Research Gaps and Opportunities. Published 2011 by The National Academies Press. ISBN 9780309210621. "F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹—As an adjective, used to refer to female same-sex attraction and sexual behavior; as a noun, used as a sexual orientation identity label by women whose sexual attractions and behaviors are exclusively or mainly directed to other women."

[Merriam-Webster_Dictionary:_F_🅰️_g🇬o🇹-6] 6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 "F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹" by Merriam-Webster Dictionary on merriam-webster.com. "F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹: (adj.) of, relating to, or characterized by sexual or romantic attraction to other women or between women" […] "(noun) woman who is sexually or romantically attracted to other women : a F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 woman" (🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Archived on December 3, 2021).

[CAL:_SOGI_Booklet-7] "Violence based on perceived or real sexual orientation and gender identity in Africa" [PDF] by Coalition of African F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s on cal.org.za. "F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹: A woman who is emotionally, romantically, sexually and relationally attracted to other women." (Archived on December 28, 2021).

[ILGA-Europe_Glossary:_F_🅰️_g🇬o🇹-8] "ILGA-Europe Glossary" by ILGA-Europe on ilga-europe.org. "F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹: A woman who is sexually and/or emotionally attracted to women." (as PDF)

[F_🅰️_g🇬o🇹IQ+_Health_Australia:_F_🅰️_g🇬o🇹-9] 9.0 ^9.1 ^9.2 ^9.3 🅰️ g🇬o🇹iqhealth.org.au/F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹i_people_and_communities "'F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹I' people and communities" by 🅰️ g🇬o🇹iqhealth.org.au F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹IQ+ Health Australia on 🅰️ g🇬o🇹iqhealth.org.au f 🅰️ g🇬o🇹iqhealth.org.au. Published 2019-06-28. "A F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 is a person who self-describes as a woman and who has experiences of romantic, sexual, and/or affectional attraction solely or primarily to other people who self-describe as women. Some women use other language to describe their relationships and attractions." (🅰️ g🇬o🇹iqhealth.org.au/F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹i_people_and_communities Archived on April 20, 2021).

[Stonewall:_List_of_F_🅰️_g🇬o🇹Q+_Terms:_F_🅰️_g🇬o🇹-10] 10.0 ^10.1 🅰️ g🇬o🇹q-terms "List of F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹Q+ terms" by Stonewall on stonewall.org.uk. "F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹: Refers to a woman who has a romantic and/or sexual orientation towards women. Some non-binary people may also identify with this term." (🅰️ g🇬o🇹q-terms Archived on November 17, 2021).

[Queer_Adolescence-11] 11.0 ^11.1 Queer Adolescence: Understanding the Lives of F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹, F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer, Intersex, and Asexual Youth by McNabb, Charlie. Published by Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9781538132814. "F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s are women or woman-aligned people who are sexually or romantically attracted to other women or woman-aligned people. Some F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s prefer to identify as F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 or as F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 woman."

[F_🅰️_g🇬o🇹BC's:_F_🅰️_g🇬o🇹-13] 12.0 ^12.1 The F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 BC's of F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹+: An Accompaniment to The ABC's of F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹+ by Hardell, Ash. Published 2017-11-09 by Mango Media Inc.. "F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹: This term is commonly used to refer to women who are attracted to other women. However, some non-binary and/or genderqueer people who feel a connection to womanhood and who are attracted to women, also identify with this term." (🅰️ g🇬o🇹bcs-of-F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹q-by-ashley-mardell-365-b web archive)

[TLP:_F_🅰️_g🇬o🇹-14] 13.0 ^13.1 ^13.2 ^13.3 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 "F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹" by The Trans Language Primer on translanguageprimer.com. "F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹: Someone, who can be transgender or cisgender, who generally considers themself to be a woman who is attracted to other women. This attraction does not have to be exclusively to women, though many are exclusively attracted to women. Being a F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 is separate from the concept of gender, and so it is possible for a trans person to be both trans and F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹. Also, it is generally understood that people who are trans and F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 are attracted to people of the same broad category of gender, not necessarily of the same trans status." (🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Archived on October 22, 2021).

[Not_in_our_name-15] "Not in our name" by DIVA Media Group, et al. on divamag.co.uk. Published 2018-12-18. "DIVA, Curve, Autostraddle, LOTL, Tagg, Lez Spread The Word, DapperQ, GO Magazine and LezWatch.TV believe that trans women are women and that trans people belong in our community. We do not think supporting trans women erases our F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 identities; rather we are enriched by trans friends and lovers, parents, children, colleagues and siblings." (Archived on June 29, 2021).

[F_🅰️_g🇬o🇹_Encyclopedia:_Transgender-17] F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Histories and Cultures: An Encyclopedia, "Transgender", by Cromwell, James with Zimmerman, Bonnie (editor). Published 2000 by Garland Publishing. ISBN 0815319207 (web archive)

[The_Gender_Closet-18] Feminist Studies, vol. 21, no. 1, "The Gender Closet: F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Disappearance under the Sign 'Women'", by Calhoun, Cheshire. Published Spring 1995 (🅰️ g🇬o🇹+disappearance+under+the+sign+%22women.%22-a017200206 web archive)

[Gender_Census:_Raw-19] "[GC2021 Worldwide Raw Data - DO NOT EDIT"] [Google Sheets] on docs.google.com

[Queer_Identities_and_Politics_in_Germany-20] 18.0 ^18.1 ^18.2 ^18.3 ^18.4 Queer Identities and Politics in Germany: A History, 1880–1945 by Whisnant, Clayton J.. Published 2016 by Harrington Park Press. ISBN 9781939594105

[Closer_to_Home-21] Closer to Home: Bisexuality & Feminism by Weise, Elizabeth Reba with Elizabeth Reba Weise (ed.). Published 1992 by Seal Press (web archive)

[F_🅰️_g🇬o🇹_Health-23] F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Health: Current Assessment and Directions for the Future, "Defining 'F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹'" with Solarz, Andrea L.. Published 1999 by National Academies Press. "There is no standard definition of F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹. The term has been used to describe women who have sex with women, either exclusively or in addition to sex with men (i.e., behavior); women who self-identify as F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 (i.e., identity); and women whose sexual preference is for women (i.e., desire or attraction)." […] "To the extent that F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 is defined only by sexual activity with other women, bisexual women may then be included in the category of F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹. If other definitions of F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 are used, such as self-identification as F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 or attraction to women, then a different group is identified that may or may not include women who self-identify as bisexual." (web archive)

[Etymonline:_Sapphic-24] "Etymology, origin and meaning of sapphic" by etymonline on etymonline.com

[Etymonline:_F_🅰️_g🇬o🇹-25] 22.0 ^22.1 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 "Etymology, origin and meaning of F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹" by etymonline on etymonline.com

[Eve_Adams-26] 23.0 ^23.1 ^23.2 The Daring Life and Dangerous Times of Eve Adams by Katz, Jonathan Ned. Published 2021 by Chicago Review Press. ISBN 9781641605199

[Jacobus_X-27] Crossways of Sex: A Study in Eroto-pathology, vol. 2 by X, Jacobus. Published by British Bibliophiles' Society (web archive)

[We_Weren't_Modern_Enough-28] We Weren't Modern Enough: Women Artists and the Limits of German Modernism by Meskimmon, Marsha. Published 1999 by University of California Press. ISBN 9780520221345 (web archive)

[USHMM:_F_🅰️_g🇬o🇹s-29] 26.0 ^26.1 ^26.2 ^26.3 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s-under-the-nazi-regime "F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s under the Nazi Regime" by United States Holocaust Memorial Museum on encyclopedia.ushmm.org (🅰️ g🇬o🇹s-under-the-nazi-regime Archived on January 12, 2022).

[F_🅰️_g🇬o🇹_Encyclopedia:_Nazism-30] 27.0 ^27.1 ^27.2 F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Histories and Cultures: An Encyclopedia, "Nazism", by Schoppmann, Claudia with Zimmerman, Bonnie (editor). Published 2000 by Garland Publishing. ISBN 0815319207 (web archive)

[ODU:_Queer_101-31] 28.0 ^28.1 ^28.2 ^28.3 🅰️ g🇬o🇹/queer101 "Queer 101" by Old Dominian University on odu.edu (🅰️ g🇬o🇹/queer101 Archived on October 25, 2021).

[PBS-32] "The History and Legacy Surrounding 'The Well of Loneliness,' the First F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Novel to Be Published in the United States and Britain" by Albanesi, Melanie on pbs.org. Published 2019-04-01 by PBS (Archived on August 21, 2021).

[F_🅰️_g🇬o🇹_Pulp_Fiction-33] F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Pulp Fiction: The Sexually Intrepid World of F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Paperback Novels by Forrest, Katherine V.. Published 2005 by Cleis Press Inc.. ISBN 1573442100

[Women's_Barracks-34] Women's Barracks by Torrès, Tereska. Published 1950 by Gold Medal Books

[Torres-35] "Sapphic soldiers" by Smallwood, Christine on salon.com. Published 2005-08-09 (Archived on January 18, 2021).

[Boots_of_Leather,_Slippers_of_Gold-36] 33.0 ^33.1 ^33.2 ^33.3 ^33.4 ^33.5 Boots of Leather, Slippers of Gold: The History of a F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Community, 20th anniversary edition by Kennedy, Elizabeth Lapovsky and Davis, Madeline D.. Published 2014 by Routledge (Taylor & Francis Group). ISBN 9781315767611

[History:_Stonewall_Riots-37] 34.0 ^34.1 ^34.2 ^34.3 ^34.4 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-rights/the-stonewall-riots "Stonewall Riots" by History.com Editors on history.com. Published 2017-05-31 by A&E Television Networks (🅰️ g🇬o🇹-rights/the-stonewall-riots Archived on January 20, 2022).

[History:_Drag-38] 35.0 ^35.1 🅰️ g🇬o🇹q-drag-three-article-rule "How Dressing in Drag Was Labeled a Crime in the 20th Century" by Ryan, Hugh on history.com. Published 2019-06-28 by A&E Television Networks (🅰️ g🇬o🇹q-drag-three-article-rule Archived on January 3, 2022).

[Brittanica-39] 36.0 ^36.1 "Stonewall riots, United States history" by The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica on britannica.com. Published 2009-06-17 by Encyclopaedia Britannica

[Three_Village-40] 37.0 ^37.1 ^37.2 ^37.3 "Stormé DeLarverie: Stonewall Stalwart" by Mae, Tara on tvhs.org. Published 2020-06-28 (Archived on January 17, 2022).

[Them-41] 38.0 ^38.1 "Drag Herstory: A Drag King's Journey From Cabaret Legend to Iconic Activist" by Goodman, Alyssa on them.us. Published 2018-03-29 (Archived on January 17, 2022).

[NPS-42] "Stonewall National Monument" on nps.gov. Published by National Park Service (Archived on January 8, 2022).

[F_🅰️_g🇬o🇹_Feminism-44] 40.0 ^40.1 ^40.2 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s-20th-century/F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-feminism "F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Feminism, 1960s and 1970s" by Westerband, Yamissette on outhistory.org (🅰️ g🇬o🇹s-20th-century/F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-feminism Archived on December 13, 2021).

[Echols-45] 41.0 ^41.1 ^41.2 ^41.3 ^41.4 'Daring to Be Bad': Radical Feminism in America, 1967-1975, "The Eruption of Difference", by Echols, Alice. Published 1989 by University of Minnesota Press (web archive)

[Lavender_Menace_Action-46] 42.0 ^42.1 🅰️ g🇬o🇹sites.org/site/lavender-menace-action-at-second-congress-to-unite-women "Lavender Menace Action at Second Congress to Unite Women" by Kahn, Emily on 🅰️ g🇬o🇹sites.org nycf 🅰️ g🇬o🇹sites.org (🅰️ g🇬o🇹sites.org/site/lavender-menace-action-at-second-congress-to-unite-women Archived on January 21, 2022).

[The_Sex_Wars-48] 43.0 ^43.1 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s-20th-century/sex-wars "The Sex Wars, 1970s to 1980s" by McBride, Andrew on outhistory.org (🅰️ g🇬o🇹s-20th-century/sex-wars Archived on January 22, 2022).

[Transgender_History-49] 44.0 ^44.1 Transgender History by Stryker, Susan. Published 2008 by Seal Press. ISBN 9780786741366

[Was_Adrienne_Rich_Anti-Trans?-50] "Was Adrienne Rich Anti-Trans?" by Mukhopadhyay, Samhita on prospect.org. Published 2012-04-16 (Archived on April 10, 2021).

[F_🅰️_g🇬o🇹_Encyclopedia:_Symbols-51] F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Histories and Cultures: An Encyclopedia, "Symbols", by Stevens, Christy with Zimmerman, Bonnie (editor). Published 2000 by Garland Publishing. ISBN 0815319207 (web archive)

[Double_Venus-52] "Double Venus symbols" [Image category] on commons.wikimedia.org

[What_Exactly_Is_The_Labrys_F_🅰️_g🇬o🇹_Pride_Flag-53] 48.0 ^48.1 ^48.2 ^48.3 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-pride-flag "What Exactly Is The Labrys F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Pride Flag, And What Does It Mean?" on queerintheworld.com (🅰️ g🇬o🇹-pride-flag Archived on December 27, 2021).

[F_🅰️_g🇬o🇹_Flag_History-54] 49.0 ^49.1 ^49.2 ^49.3 ^49.4 ^49.5 🅰️ g🇬o🇹flaghistory.tumblr.com/post/185390167678/seeing-a-lot-of-misinformation-flying-around "The F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Flag" by 🅰️ g🇬o🇹flaghistory.tumblr.com How Did We Get Here? on 🅰️ g🇬o🇹flaghistory.tumblr.com f 🅰️ g🇬o🇹flaghistory.tumblr.com. Published 2019-06-05 (🅰️ g🇬o🇹flaghistory.tumblr.com/post/185390167678/seeing-a-lot-of-misinformation-flying-around Archived on December 5, 2021).

[Cougar_original-55] 50.0 ^50.1 "Cougar Pride Flag designed by Fausto Fernós" by Fernós, Fausto on flickr.com. Published 2008-04-15 (Archived on July 23, 2019).

[Cougar_plagiarism-56] 51.0 ^51.1 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-flag-idea-was-stolen-from-my-design-of-a-cougar-pride-flag-which-was-designed-ad2d18ae00c1 "The Lipstick F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Flag idea was stolen from my design of a Cougar Pride Flag" by Fernós, Fausto on medium.com. Published 2019-06-12 (🅰️ g🇬o🇹-flag-idea-was-stolen-from-my-design-of-a-cougar-pride-flag-which-was-designed-ad2d18ae00c1 Archived on August 25, 2021).

[McCray:_Lipstick_F_🅰️_g🇬o🇹_Pride!!!-57] 52.0 ^52.1 "Lipstick F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Pride!!!" (original link down) by McCray, Natalie on 🅰️ g🇬o🇹life.wordpress.com thisf 🅰️ g🇬o🇹life.wordpress.com. Published 2010-07-28 (🅰️ g🇬o🇹life.wordpress.com/2010/07/28/lipstick-F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-pride Archived on November 19, 2015).

[trans-wife:_Pride_Flags-58] "Pride Flags" by trans-wife on trans-wife.tumblr.com. Published 2013-12-08 (Archived on June 3, 2021).

[Pride-Flags:_F_🅰️_g🇬o🇹-59] 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-564726041 "F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹" by Pride-Flags on deviantart.com. Published 2015-10-07 (Archive link)

[Lydia:_A_F_🅰️_g🇬o🇹_Flag_for_Everyone-60] 55.0 ^55.1 ^55.2 ^55.3 ^55.4 ^55.5 ^55.6 ^55.7 ^55.8 "A F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Flag for Everyone" (original link down) by Lydia on medium.com. Published 2018-06-26 (🅰️ g🇬o🇹-flag-for-everyone-cef397b89459 Archived on October 6, 2019).

[McCray:_Lydia_is_Cancelled-61] "Lydia is Cancelled" (original link down) by McCray, Natalie on 🅰️ g🇬o🇹life.wordpress.com thisf 🅰️ g🇬o🇹life.wordpress.com. Published 2018-11-10 (🅰️ g🇬o🇹life.wordpress.com/2018/11/10/lydia-is-cancelled Archived on September 8, 2019).

[Lydia:_About-62] "About" by Lydia on kispesan.tumblr.com (Archived on June 2, 2021).

[McCray:_My_Worst_Date_Ever-63] 58.0 ^58.1 "My Worst Date Ever" (original link down) by McCray, Natalie on 🅰️ g🇬o🇹life.wordpress.com thisf 🅰️ g🇬o🇹life.wordpress.com. Published 2018-07-18 (🅰️ g🇬o🇹life.wordpress.com/2010/07/18/my-worst-date-ever Archived on July 23, 2010).

[Lydia:_Sapphic-64] "The Sapphic Flag" by Lydia on kispesan.tumblr.com. Published 2018-06-26 (Archived on January 24, 2022).

[butchspace:_Butch_flag-65] "A new butch flag" by Mod Q of butchspace on butchspace.tumblr.com. Published 2017-06-27 (Archived on November 30, 2021).

[butchspace:_Color_meanings-66] "Color meanings (untitled post)" by Mod Q of butchspace on butchspace.tumblr.com. Published 2017-06-30 (Archived on October 17, 2021).

[shapeshifter-of-constellation:_Flags-68] "Flags (untitled post)" by Emily (shapeshifter-of-constellation) on shapeshifter-of-constellation.tumblr.com. Published 2017-07-03 (Archived on October 5, 2021).

[shapeshifter-of-constellation:_Response-69] "Response to flag feedback (untitled post)" by Emily (shapeshifter-of-constellation) on shapeshifter-of-constellation.tumblr.com. Published 2017-07-05 (Archived on December 30, 2021).

[Nillia:_Suggestion-70] 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-history-butchphobia-flags-and-a "F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 History: Butchphobia , Flags, and a Suggestion" by Nillia on nillia.tumblr.com. Published 2018-04-30 (🅰️ g🇬o🇹-history-butchphobia-flags-and-a Archived on July 16, 2019).

[sadlesbeandisaster:_Tumblr_1-71] 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-pride-flag-would-be-the "Honestly my ideal F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 pride flag...(untitled post)" by Emily Gwen (sadlesbeandisaster) on sadlesbeandisaster.tumblr.com. Published 2018-06-03 (🅰️ g🇬o🇹-pride-flag-would-be-the Archived on May 17, 2019).

[sadlesbeandisaster:_Tweet_1-73] "Twitter thread (1)" by Emily Gwen (sadlesbeandisaster) on twitter.com. Published 2021-07-19 (Archived on July 19, 2021).

[sadlesbeandisaster:_Tweet_2-74] "Twitter thread (2)" by Emily Gwen (sadlesbeandisaster) on twitter.com. Published 2021-07-19. "I didn't even make the original image posted. I asked my friend to do it for me because I was crap with stuff like that. We'd made a couple and I said something like 'wait do one for me that's the top of the butch flag and the bottom of the pink one I think that would look cool'" (Archived on July 19, 2021).

[Reblog-75] "Reblogged commentary (untitled post)" by Emily (shapeshifter-of-constellation) on shapeshifter-of-constellation.tumblr.com. Published 2021-01-31 (Archived on April 28, 2021).

[sadlesbeandisaster:_Tumblr_2-76] 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-flag-i "Meanings for the colours... (untitled post)" by Emily Gwen (sadlesbeandisaster) on sadlesbeandisaster.tumblr.com. Published 2018-06-04 (🅰️ g🇬o🇹-flag-i Archived on May 17, 2019).

[sadlesbeandisaster:_Tumblr_3-77] 70.0 ^70.1 ^70.2 ^70.3 ^70.4 ^70.5 ^70.6 ^70.7 "Can people please acknowledge this version... (untitled post)" by Emily Gwen (sadlesbeandisaster) on sadlesbeandisaster.tumblr.com. Published 2018-06-06 (Archived on December 15, 2020).

[sadlesbeandisaster:_Tumblr_4-78] "okay everyone, this will be the last post on this topic, so if anyone is searching my blog for ace discourse, this is what to look at" by Emily Gwen (sadlesbeandisaster) on sadlesbeandisaster.tumblr.com. Published 2019-06-05 (Archived on April 3, 2021).

[official-F_🅰️_g🇬o🇹-flag:_poll-79] "Official F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Flag Poll" (original link down) by official-F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-flag on 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-flag.tumblr.com official-f 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-flag.tumblr.com. Published 2018-06-30 (Archive link)

[F_🅰️_g🇬o🇹flag:_poll-80] 🅰️ g🇬o🇹flag/status/1013075032514416641 "Tweet (1)" by 🅰️ g🇬o🇹flag Official F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Flag (@F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹flag) on twitter.com. Published 2018-06-30 (🅰️ g🇬o🇹flag/status/1013075032514416641 Archived on December 15, 2020).

[official-F_🅰️_g🇬o🇹-flag:_five-81] "Edits by taqwomen (untitled)" (original link down) by official-F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-flag on 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-flag.tumblr.com official-f 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-flag.tumblr.com. Published 2018-07-25 (🅰️ g🇬o🇹-flag.tumblr.com/post/176284375674/taqwomen-taqwomen-has-someone-done-this-i Archived on August 10, 2020).

[F_🅰️_g🇬o🇹flag:_results-82] 🅰️ g🇬o🇹flag/status/1034419322289094656 "Tweet (2)" by 🅰️ g🇬o🇹flag Official F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Flag (@F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹flag) on twitter.com. Published 2018-08-28 (🅰️ g🇬o🇹flag/status/1034419322289094656 Archived on October 27, 2021).

[F_🅰️_g🇬o🇹flag:_meanings-83] 76.0 ^76.1 ^76.2 ^76.3 ^76.4 ^76.5 🅰️ g🇬o🇹flag/status/1059477130415951878 "Tweet (3)" by 🅰️ g🇬o🇹flag Official F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Flag on twitter.com. Published 2018-11-05 (🅰️ g🇬o🇹flag/status/1059477130415951878 Archived on June 11, 2021).

[allukazaoldyeck:_results-84] "F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Flag Poll Data Results" (original link down) by chiaroscura (allukazaoldyeck) on allukazaoldyeck.tumblr.com. Published 2018-06-06 (🅰️ g🇬o🇹-flag-poll-data-results Archived on June 10, 2018).

[which-F_🅰️_g🇬o🇹-flag:_The_F_🅰️_g🇬o🇹_Flag_Survey-85] 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-flag.tumblr.com/post/176118494372/the-F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-flag-survey "The F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Flag Survey" by which-F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-flag on 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-flag.tumblr.com which-f 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-flag.tumblr.com. Published 2018-07-21 (🅰️ g🇬o🇹-flag.tumblr.com/post/176118494372/the-F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-flag-survey Archived on December 15, 2020).

[which-F_🅰️_g🇬o🇹-flag:_About_the_next_survey-86] 79.0 ^79.1 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-flag.tumblr.com/post/176953882707/about-the-next-survey "About the next survey" by which-F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-flag on 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-flag.tumblr.com which-f 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-flag.tumblr.com. Published 2018-08-13 (🅰️ g🇬o🇹-flag.tumblr.com/post/176953882707/about-the-next-survey Archived on January 2, 2022).

[which-F_🅰️_g🇬o🇹-flag:_The_Results!!-87] 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-flag.tumblr.com/post/177034131657/apologies-we-meant-to-announce-this-sooner-but "The Results!!" by which-F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-flag on 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-flag.tumblr.com which-f 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-flag.tumblr.com. Published 2018-08-15 (🅰️ g🇬o🇹-flag.tumblr.com/post/177034131657/apologies-we-meant-to-announce-this-sooner-but Archived on December 31, 2021).

[apersnicketylemon-88] 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-flag-redesign-because-really "SO I did a F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 flag redesign... (untitled post)" by apersnicketylemon on apersnicketylemon.tumblr.com. Published 2018-05-17 (🅰️ g🇬o🇹-flag-redesign-because-really Archived on July 19, 2021).

[which-F_🅰️_g🇬o🇹-flag:_part_two!!-89] 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-flag.tumblr.com/post/177865044372/F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-flag-survey-part-two "F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 flag survey part two!!" by which-F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-flag on 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-flag.tumblr.com which-f 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-flag.tumblr.com. Published 2018-09-08 (🅰️ g🇬o🇹-flag.tumblr.com/post/177865044372/F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-flag-survey-part-two Archived on December 12, 2019).

[which-F_🅰️_g🇬o🇹-flag:_Time_for_the_results-90] 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-flag.tumblr.com/post/179010424917/this-was-going-to-be-longer-because-we-originally "Time for the results" by which-F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-flag on 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-flag.tumblr.com which-f 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-flag.tumblr.com. Published 2018-10-13 (🅰️ g🇬o🇹-flag.tumblr.com/post/179010424917/this-was-going-to-be-longer-because-we-originally Archived on December 31, 2021).

[Commercial_F_🅰️_g🇬o🇹_Flag_Poll-91] 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-flag-for-mass "Commercial F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Flag Poll (please only F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s vote)" by creatoroflesflagisracist on creatoroflesflagisracist.tumblr.com. Published 2018-12-14 (🅰️ g🇬o🇹-flag-for-mass Archived on April 26, 2019).

[Alternative_F_🅰️_g🇬o🇹_Flag_Poll-92] "Selecting an Alternative F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Flag for Mass Production" on docs.google.com (Archived on June 14, 2021).

[Twitter:_lesflagisracist-93] "Thread of tweets" by new F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 flag dropped (@lesflagisracist) on twitter.com. Published 2019-03-17 (Archived on October 11, 2021).

[Spencer's-94] 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-flag/210295.uts "F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Flag" on spencersonline.com (🅰️ g🇬o🇹-flag/210295.uts Archived on November 29, 2020). (Disclaimer: Commercial product linked but not endorsed)

[F_🅰️_g🇬o🇹_Pride_Apparel-95] 🅰️ g🇬o🇹prideapparel.com/collections/F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 "F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 (Collection)" on 🅰️ g🇬o🇹prideapparel.com f 🅰️ g🇬o🇹prideapparel.com (🅰️ g🇬o🇹prideapparel.com/collections/F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Archived on September 25, 2020). (Disclaimer: Commercial product linked but not endorsed)

[Disney-96] 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-flag-rainbow-disney-collection-465055189818.html "Mickey Mouse Icon Pin – F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Flag – Rainbow Disney Collection" on shopdisney.com (🅰️ g🇬o🇹-flag-rainbow-disney-collection-465055189818.html Archived on June 2, 2021). (Disclaimer: Commercial product linked but not endorsed)

[Autostraddle:_Why_Sapphic_Is_Back_In_Style-97] 90.0 ^90.1 "Why 'Sapphic' Is Back In Style" by Chandra on autostraddle.com. Published 2021-08-09 (Archived on August 13, 2021).

[Female_Homosexuality-98] 91.0 ^91.1 ^91.2 ^91.3 ^91.4 ^91.5 ^91.6 ^91.7 ^91.8 ^91.9 Female Homosexuality: A Psychodynamic Study of F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹ism by Caprio, Frank S.. Published 1954 by The Citadel Press (web archive)

[Spring_Fire-99] Spring Fire by Meaker, Marijane (as "Vin Packer"). Published 1952 by Gold Medal Books

[We_Walk_Alone-100] We Walk Alone by Meaker, Marijane (as "Ann Aldrich"). Published 1955 by Gold Medal Books (web archive)

[Restricted_Box-101] 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-writing "Opening the Restricted Box: Lorraine Hansberry's F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Writing" by Mumford, Kevin on outhistory.org (🅰️ g🇬o🇹-writing Archived on January 8, 2022).

[Ladder_L.N.-102] The Ladder, vol. 1, no. 11, "Readers Respond", by Hansberry, Lorraine (as "L.N."). Published August 1957 (web archive)

[The_F_🅰️_g🇬o🇹_in_America-103] The F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 in America by Sagarin, Edward (as Donald Webster Cory). Published 1964 by Macfadden-Bartell (🅰️ g🇬o🇹inamerica00cory web archive)

[F_🅰️_g🇬o🇹/Woman-104] F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹/Woman by Martin, Del and Lyon, Phyllis. Published 1972 by Glide Publications

[Surpassing_the_Love_of_Men-105] Surpassing the Love of Men: Romantic Friendship and Love Between Women from the Renaissance to the Present by Faderman, Lilian. Published 1981 by William Morrow

[So_You_Want-106] So You Want to be a F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹? A Guide for Amateurs and Professionals by Tracey, Liz and Pokorny, Sydney. Published 1996 by St. Martin's Griffin. ISBN 0312144237

[F_🅰️_g🇬o🇹A_Wiki:_2020-107] "F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 (Revision as of 16:28, 26 May 2020)" (original link down) by Chaoticcylinder on 🅰️ g🇬o🇹a.fandom.com f 🅰️ g🇬o🇹a.fandom.com. Published 2020-05-26 (🅰️ g🇬o🇹a.fandom.com/wiki/F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹?oldid=5926 Archived on January 21, 2022).

[Vixenamoric-108] "Tweet" (original link down) by ssapphrodite and sapphickitty on twitter.com. Published 2020-06-30 (Archived on June 30, 2020).

[Sunden_and_Paasonen-110] Who's Laughing Now? Feminist Tactics in Social Media, "Shameless Hags, Tolerance Whores, and the Vibrancy of Language", by Sundén, Jenny and Paasonen, Susanna. Published 2020-11-24 by The MIT Press. ISBN 9780262044721. "The term nonmen has remained something of a battleground within feminist theory and practice for quite some time as a label built on a negation and hence as always reactive towards what is being negated—which, in turn, remains the norm as what is being resisted. The term also makes explicit the painful friction between woman-centered feminism and trans-inclusive feminism, in relation to which binary gender has never made sense. As a point of departure for a political movement or event, the category aims to include not only cis women but equally trans and nonbinary bodies positioned as other in relation to the white, straight male norm."

[Stein-111] The Mismeasure of Desire: The Science, Theory, and Ethics of Sexual Orientation, "Sex, Gender, and Sexual Orientation", by Stein, Edward. Published 1999 by Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195099958

[Gordon-112] Bad Faith and Antiblack Racism by Gordon, Lewis R.. Published 1995 by Humanities Press. ISBN 9781573925150. "Our descriptions of sexuality in an antiblack world pose a gender problem. From the standpoint of an antiblack world, black men are nonmen-nonwomen, and black women are nonwomen-nonmen. This conclusion is based on our premise of whites—white men and white women—being both human, being both Presence, and our premise of blacks, both black men and women, being situated in the condition of the 'whole,' being both Absence."

[F_🅰️_g🇬o🇹A_Wiki:_2021a-113] "F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 (Revision as of 23:15, 4 July 2021)" (original link down) by Reign of the breadsticcs on 🅰️ g🇬o🇹a.fandom.com f 🅰️ g🇬o🇹a.fandom.com. Published 2021-07-04 (🅰️ g🇬o🇹a.fandom.com/wiki/F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹?oldid=110363 Archived on January 21, 2022).

[F_🅰️_g🇬o🇹A_Wiki:_Blog-114] "Explaining the new definition on the F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 page" (original link down) by Clear.Skyes on 🅰️ g🇬o🇹a.fandom.com f 🅰️ g🇬o🇹a.fandom.com. Published 2021-07-11 (🅰️ g🇬o🇹a.fandom.com/f/p/4400000000000171800 Archived on January 21, 2022).

[F_🅰️_g🇬o🇹A_Wiki:_2021b-115] "F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 ‪(‬Revision as of 11:38, 14 July 2021) ‪" (original link down) on 🅰️ g🇬o🇹a.fandom.com f 🅰️ g🇬o🇹a.fandom.com (🅰️ g🇬o🇹a.fandom.com/wiki/F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹?oldid=114008 Archived on January 21, 2022).

[Bushel-116] Quoted in: Radclyffe Hall: A Case of Obscenity? by Brittain, Vera. Published 1968 by A. S. Barnes and Company. "The book here involved is a novel dealing with the childhood and early womanhood of a female invert. In broad outline the story shows how these unnatural tendencies manifested themselves from early childhood; the queer attraction of the child to the maid in the household; her affairs with one Angela Crossby, a normally sexed but unhappily married woman, causing further dissension between the latter and her husband; her jealousy of another man who later debauched this married woman, and her despair, in being supplanted by him in Angela’s affections, are vividly portrayed." (web archive)

[Just_As_I_Am-117] Just As I Am: A Practical Guide to Being Out, Proud, and Christian by Williams, Robert. Published 1992 by Crown Publishers, Inc.. ISBN 0517585391. "My parish in Dallas, the Church of the Holy Cross, was once referred to in the F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 press as being, after the MCC, 'the second-largest F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 church in Dallas.'" […] "To some extent, the location of the Church of the Holy Cross explains its queer attraction. It sits in the center of Oak Lawn, Dallas's F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 neighborhood." (web archive)

[British_Queer_Cinema-118] British Queer Cinema, "Behind the masks: Anthony Asquith and Brian Desmond Hurst", by Bourne, Stephen with Robin Griffiths (ed.). Published 2006 by Routledge. ISBN 9780415307796. "With a kind, considerate, and sensitive nature, Asquith's films sometimes included public schoolboys of a similar disposition. These included […] Taplow, whose defence of an unpopular schoolmaster could be read as a queer attraction in The Browning Version (1951). At Oxford, Asquith belonged to a literary group, known to attract homosexuals, who called themselves the 'Aesthetes'." (web archive)

[Hitchcock's_Rebecca-119] Out In Culture: F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹, F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹, And Queer Essays On Popular Culture, "'I'm not the sort of person men marry': Monsters, Queers, and Hitchcock's Rebecca", by Berenstein, Rhonda J. with Corey K. Creekmur and Alexander Doty (eds.). Published 1996 by Duke University Press. "Hitchcock's Gothic romance sets the terms for a queer attraction and displaces that attraction onto the levels of metaphor and the supernatural." […] "The flashback portion of the film thus functions, among other things, to establish Fontaine and Rebecca's alignment, to set the terms for a queer attraction." (🅰️ g🇬o🇹-F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-and-queer-essays-on-popular-culture/page/n245/mode/2up?q=%22queer+attraction%22 web archive)

[Palmer-120] The Saturday Review, vol. 140, #3659, "From the Land of the 'Nineties", by Palmer, John. Published 1925-12-12. "He came to welcome me, as I must suppose, by virtue of that queer attraction that somehow draws together the rogues and vagabond of every land, whether in space or time."

[Golemba-121] Frank R. Stockton, "A Master Workman", by Golemba, Henry L.. Published 1981 by G. K. Hall & Co.. "Although the nephew, when nearly grown, foils two of his aunt's romances so that 'then my Aunt Amanda had no lover but me,' he, of course, is not permitted an incestuous relationship, and his mother and aunt laugh off his queer attraction."

[Cooke-122] Chewing Gum, Candy Bars, and Beer: The Army PX in World War II by Cooke, James J.. Published 2009 by University of Missouri Press. ISBN 9780826218674. "This was very wise advice, because there were problems with the influx of so many GIs. One British housewife whose son was serving in the British army recorded her feelings while a member of the Women's Voluntary Service serving in a canteen near American bases. When asked if she noticed large numbers of local Lancashire girls congregating near the canteen, she wrote, 'No, but we have not had Scotties or Australians before. We were warned of the queer attraction they—and the Americans too— have for young girls.'" (web archive)

[The_Tiger-123] The Tiger, vol. VI, #IV, "The Tale of a Pie". Published 1909 by California School of Mechanical Arts. "And the moral, worthy readers, is this: You can never depend on a cooking-school pie, for it's not 'like those mother used to make'; and secondly, this but serves to illustrate the fact, that a boy and a pie, left alone together, are found to have a queer attraction for each other."

[Encyclopedia_of_Women's_Health:_History-124] Encyclopedia of Women's Health, "History of Women's Health in the United States", by Koroukian, Siran M. with Loue, Sana and Sajatovic, Martha (eds.). Published 2004 by Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers. ISBN 0306480735

[Trevor_Project:_Understanding:_F_🅰️_g🇬o🇹-125] 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-identities "Understanding F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 & F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Identities" by The Trevor Project on thetrevorproject.org. Published 2021-08-20. "F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 is a noun that describes women who are predominantly attracted to other women. It can also be used as an adjective. Some F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 women prefer to identify as 'F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹,' and that's ok." (🅰️ g🇬o🇹-F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-identities Archived on November 21, 2021).

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+{{Disclaimer|This article is a work in progress and is currently incomplete. Additional content will be added as it is written and sourced.}}
-The following page details common '''LGBTQIA+ tropes in media''' throughout history.
+{{Infobox
+| image         = F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Flag 5 stripe.svg
+| caption       = The community F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 pride flag
+| altname       =
+| term          = [[Sexual orientation]] and/or [[romantic orientation]]
+| spectrum      =
+| gender        = *Women
+*Some [[non-binary]] or [[genderqueer]]; women-aligned or connection to womanhood <small>(expanded definitions)</small>
+| attracted     = *Women <small>(exclusively or primarily)</small>
+*Some [[non-binary]] or [[genderqueer]]; women-aligned or connection to womanhood <small>(expanded definitions)</small>
+| attractedtype = Romantically, sexually
+| romance       =
+| different     = [[Sapphic]] <small>(modern definition)</small>
+}}
+'''F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹''', a term with multiple definitions, is most often defined as a woman who is attracted to other women romantically and sexually.<ref name="The Queens' English: F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹">{{Cite_print |author=Davis, Chloe O. |title=The Queens' English: The F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹QIA+ Dictionary of Lingo and Colloquial Phrases |publisher=Clarkson Potter/Publishers |date=2021 |isbn=9780593135013 |quote=F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹: ''adjective'': As a woman, having a sexual and emotional attraction toward other women." ''[&hellip;]'' "''noun'': A F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 woman.}}</ref><ref name="A-Z: F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹">{{Cite_print |author=Holleb, Morgan Lev Edward |title=The A-Z of Gender and Sexuality: From Ace to Ze |publisher=Jessica Kingsley Publishers |date=2019 |isbn=9781784506636 |quote=F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 &mdash; A woman who is sexually or romantically attracted to women. F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 can mean women who are attracted exclusively to other women, but it is also a broader term for women and femmes who are attracted to other women and femmes. This includes bisexual and pansexual women, asexual women who are romantically attracted to women, and non-binary people who identify with womanhood.}}</ref><ref name="F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹Q: The Survival Guide: F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹">{{Cite_print |author=Huegel Madrone, Kelly |title=F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹Q: The Survival Guide for F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹, F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹, Bisexual, Transgender, and Questioning Teens |publisher=Free Spirit Publishing, Inc. |date=2018 |isbn=9781631983023 |quote=F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹: A woman who is emotionally, romantically, and sexually attracted to other women.}}</ref><ref name="Latin America">{{Cite_print |author=Martínez, Elena M.|title=F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Voices From Latin America |publisher=Routledge |date=2017 |isbn=9781351817899 |quote=In this book, the word 'F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹' is used to refer to the representation of women who have erotic and sexual interest in each other and whose fundamental emotional connections are with other women. My definition coincides with the one proposed by Catherine R. Simpson and Charlotte Bunch, for whom both the erotic and sexual involvement of women is intrinsic to the definition of F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹ism.}}</ref><ref name="Health of F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 People">{{Cite_print |author=Committee on F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹, F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹, Bisexual, and Transgender Health Issues and Research Gaps and Opportunities |title=The Health of F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹, F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹, Bisexual, and Transgender People: Building a Foundation for Better Understanding |publisher=The National Academies Press |date=2011 |isbn=9780309210621 |quote=F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹&mdash;As an adjective, used to refer to female same-sex attraction and sexual behavior; as a noun, used as a sexual orientation identity label by women whose sexual attractions and behaviors are exclusively or mainly directed to other women.}}</ref><ref name="Merriam-Webster Dictionary: F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹">{{Cite_web |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 |title=F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 |author=[https://www.merriam-webster.com Merriam-Webster Dictionary] |archivedate=20211203104515 |quote=F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹: ''(adj.)'' of, relating to, or characterized by sexual or romantic attraction to other women or between women" ''[&hellip;]'' "''(noun)'' woman who is sexually or romantically attracted to other women : a F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 woman}}</ref><ref name="CAL: SOGI Booklet">{{Cite_web |url=https://www.cal.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/English-SOGI-Booklet.small_.pdf |title=Violence based on perceived or real sexual orientation and gender identity in Africa |author=[https://www.cal.org.za Coalition of African F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s] |partialdate=2013 |format=PDF |archivedate=20211228150232 |quote=F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹: A woman who is emotionally, romantically, sexually and relationally attracted to other women.}}</ref><ref name="ILGA-Europe Glossary: F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹">{{Cite_web |url=https://www.ilga-europe.org/resources/glossary |title=ILGA-Europe Glossary |author=[https://www.ilga-europe.org ILGA-Europe] |quote=F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹: A woman who is sexually and/or emotionally attracted to women.}} <small>([https://www.ilga-europe.org/sites/default/files/glossary_october_2015_edition.pdf as PDF])</small></ref><ref name="F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹IQ+ Health Australia: F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹">{{Cite_web |url=https://www.F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹iqhealth.org.au/F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹i_people_and_communities |title='F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹I' people and communities |author=[https://www.F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹iqhealth.org.au F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹IQ+ Health Australia] |date=2019-06-28 |archivedate=20210420004619 |quote=A F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 is a person who self-describes as a woman and who has experiences of romantic, sexual, and/or affectional attraction solely or primarily to other people who self-describe as women. Some women use other language to describe their relationships and attractions.}}</ref><ref name="Stonewall: List of F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹Q+ Terms: F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹">{{Cite_web |url=https://www.stonewall.org.uk/help-advice/faqs-and-glossary/list-F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹q-terms |title=List of F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹Q+ terms |author=[[Stonewall]] |archivedate=20211117194503 |quote=F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹: Refers to a woman who has a romantic and/or sexual orientation towards women. Some non-binary people may also identify with this term.}}</ref> The term is generally used as a self-identification of [[Sexual orientation|sexual]] or [[romantic orientation]].<ref name="Stonewall: List of F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹Q+ Terms: F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹" /> Although F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s are frequently defined as women who are ''exclusively'' attracted to women,<ref name="A-Z: F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹" /> another definition is women ''primarily'' attracted to other women.<ref name="F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹IQ+ Health Australia: F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹" /> Some prefer to use or additionally use "[[F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹]]" or "F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 woman" as an identifier.<ref name="Queer Adolescence">{{Cite_print |author=McNabb, Charlie |title=Queer Adolescence: Understanding the Lives of F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹, F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer, Intersex, and Asexual Youth |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=9781538132814 |quote=F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s are women or woman-aligned people who are sexually or romantically attracted to other women or woman-aligned people. Some F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s prefer to identify as F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 or as F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 woman.}}</ref>
+Definitions vary in whether or not they use expanded language, such as a person who self-describes as a woman,<ref name="F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹IQ+ Health Australia: F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹" /> or phrasing that explicitly includes people who do not identify only as women, such as women-aligned{{#tag:ref|{{Woman-aligned}}|group=note}}<ref name="Queer Adolescence" /> and some [[genderqueer]] and/or [[non-binary]] people who feel a connection to womanhood.<ref name="F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹BC's: F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹">{{Cite_print |author=Hardell, Ash |title=The F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 BC's of F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹+: An Accompaniment to The ABC's of F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹+ |publisher=Mango Media Inc. |date=2017-11-09 |url=https://mango.bz/books/the-F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹bcs-of-F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹q-by-ashley-mardell-365-b |quote=F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹: This term is commonly used to refer to women who are attracted to other women. However, some non-binary and/or genderqueer people who feel a connection to womanhood and who are attracted to women, also identify with this term.}}</ref> F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s may be [[cisgender]] or [[transgender]];<ref name="A-Z: F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹" /><ref name="TLP: F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹">{{Cite_web |url=https://translanguageprimer.com/F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 |title=F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 |author=[[The Trans Language Primer]] |work=[https://translanguageprimer.com The Trans Language Primer] |archivedate=20211022172812 |quote=F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹: Someone, who can be transgender or cisgender, who generally considers themself to be a woman who is attracted to other women. This attraction does not have to be exclusively to women, though many are exclusively attracted to women. Being a F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 is separate from the concept of gender, and so it is possible for a trans person to be both trans and F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹. Also, it is generally understood that people who are trans and F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 are attracted to people of the same broad category of gender, not necessarily of the same trans status.}}</ref><ref name="Not in our name">{{Cite_web |url=https://divamag.co.uk/2018/12/19/not-in-our-name |title=Not in our name |author=DIVA Media Group, et al. |date=2018-12-18 |work=[https://divamag.co.uk DIVA] |archivedate=20210629172043 |quote=DIVA, Curve, Autostraddle, LOTL, Tagg, Lez Spread The Word, DapperQ, GO Magazine and LezWatch.TV believe that trans women are women and that trans people belong in our community. We do not think supporting trans women erases our F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 identities; rather we are enriched by trans friends and lovers, parents, children, colleagues and siblings.}}</ref> since [[gender]] is a separate concept from sexual orientation, someone may be both trans and F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹.{{#tag:ref|While [[transgender]] people are generally implied in definitions, trans F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s are explicitly noted here to make clear that F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 identity is not limited to [[cisgender]] women.|group=note}}<ref name="A-Z: F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹" /><ref name="TLP: F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹" /> Based upon [[Birth assignment|assigned gender at birth]], and prior to realizing their [[gender identity]] and [[transition]]ing, some trans women identify as [[Heterosexual|straight]] and some trans men identify as F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s based on their attractions to women. Trans women sometimes subsequently understand and identify themselves as F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹; trans men may or may not remain in or be accepted by F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 communities after they transition as men. This does not mean that all [[butch]] or otherwise [[masculine]] F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s are transgender.<ref name="F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Encyclopedia: Transgender">{{Cite_print |author=Cromwell, James |titlepart=Transgender |title=F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Histories and Cultures: An Encyclopedia |contributor=Zimmerman, Bonnie (editor) |publisher=Garland Publishing |date=2000 |isbn=0815319207 |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofle00bzim/page/776}}</ref>
-==All Lesbians Want Kids==
+Certain F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s have used the label to describe their gender in addition to their attractions.<ref name="The Gender Closet">{{Cite_print |author=Calhoun, Cheshire |titlepart=The Gender Closet: F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Disappearance under the Sign 'Women' |title=Feminist Studies |version=vol. 21, no. 1 |date=Spring 1995 |url=https://www.thefreelibrary.com/The+gender+closet%3a+F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹+disappearance+under+the+sign+%22women.%22-a017200206}}</ref> In the 2021 Gender Census, an annual online international survey of people who do not strictly identify with the [[gender binary]], participants indicated their personal identifiers; the item "F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 (partially or completely in relation to gender)" was selected by 12.9% of the participants.<ref name="Gender Census: Raw">{{Cite_web |url=https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1nKhWA3pW1ibG2HD2KqUlDn4QKbmV2OBUKl1KEDHqoko/edit#gid=0 |title=[GC2021] Worldwide Raw Data - DO NOT EDIT |format=Google Sheets}}</ref>
-==Bury Your Gays==
-===Overview===
-'''Bury Your Gays''', also called, '''Dead Lesbian Syndrome''',<ref name="BYG: Hulan">{{Cite web|url=https://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1579&context=mcnair|title=Bury Your Gays: History, Usage, and Context|author=Haley Hulan|publisher=McNair Scholars Journal, Volume 21, Issue 1|date=2017}}</ref><ref name="BYG: THR">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/bury-your-gays-why-100-877176/|title=Bury Your Gays: Why ‘The 100,’ ‘Walking Dead’ Deaths Are Problematic (Guest Column)|author=Dorothy Snarker|date=March 21, 2016|publisher= The Hollywood Reporter}}</ref> is a trope in media that persists the idea that a gay character always dies, usually after coming out or making a grand romantic gesture.<ref name="BYG: Hulan"/><ref name="BYG: The Take">{{Cite web|url=https://the-take.com/watch/the-bury-your-gays-trope-explained|title=The “Bury Your Gays” Trope, Explained|author=|publisher=The Take|date=September 12, 2020}}</ref> The trope was originally used so gay authors could write gay characters without facing the repercussions that came with "endorsing" or "promoting" homosexuality. The persistent usage of the trope to this day is redundant, as it is no longer a necessary trope to get these stories published. The correlation between the death of a queer character and their romantic notions is evident, with the character dying shortly after the audience has confirmation.<ref name="BYG: Hulan"/>
+For over a century, F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s have debated who shares their identity and is part of the F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 community.<ref name="Queer Identities and Politics in Germany">{{Cite_print |author=Whisnant, Clayton J. |title=Queer Identities and Politics in Germany: A History, 1880–1945 |publisher=Harrington Park Press |date=2016 |isbn=9781939594105}}</ref> They have variously been defined based on sexual behaviors, sexual attractions, or self-identifying with the label. For instance, women who self-identify as both [[bisexual]] and F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹{{#tag:ref|Examples of labels used to self-identify as both F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 and [[bisexual]] include bisexual F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹, bi-F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹, and F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-identified bisexual.<ref name="Closer to Home">{{Cite_print |author=Weise, Elizabeth Reba |title=Closer to Home: Bisexuality & Feminism |contributor=Elizabeth Reba Weise (ed.) |publisher=Seal Press |date=1992 |url=https://archive.org/details/closertohomebise00weis/page/n15/mode/2up}}</ref>|group=note}} would not be included in a definition that specifies F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s are only oriented toward women, but would be in a broader definition that encompasses other labels.<ref name="F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Health">{{Cite_print |titlepart=Defining 'F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹' |title=F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Health: Current Assessment and Directions for the Future |date=1999 |contributor=Solarz, Andrea L. |publisher=National Academies Press |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK45094/#a20006489ddd00021 |quote=There is no standard definition of F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹. The term has been used to describe women who have sex with women, either exclusively or in addition to sex with men (i.e., behavior); women who self-identify as F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 (i.e., identity); and women whose sexual preference is for women (i.e., desire or attraction)." ''[&hellip;]'' "To the extent that F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 is defined only by sexual activity with other women, bisexual women may then be included in the category of F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹. If other definitions of F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 are used, such as self-identification as F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 or attraction to women, then a different group is identified that may or may not include women who self-identify as bisexual.}}</ref>
-The concept itself has been present since the 19th century, gained traction in the early 20th century, and persists in modern media. It has a rich context and history due to the laws of the 1800s decreeing that all media must abide by certain rules, with homosexuality and other sexual innuendos were deemed inappropriate. The trope decrees, especially in novels, that one lover in a a same-gender romantic couple must die or otherwise be destroyed by the end of the story.<ref name="BYG: Hulan"/> Originally, LGBTQIA+ authors such as Oscar Wilde, used this trope as he and dozens of others were otherwise forced to censor their works or suffer consequences. In his novel ''The Picture of Dorian Gray'', the character Basil Hallward had an obvious attraction to Dorian, which ultimately led to Wilde's own indecency trial. Wilde intentionally buried the subtext by symbolically having Dorian murder Basil.<ref name="BYG: The Take"/>
+==Etymology==
-In 1920 or 1930, Hollywood adopted the Hays Code, which banned "depictions of sexual pervasion,"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.womensrepublic.net/the-bury-your-gays-trope-explained/|title=THE “BURY YOUR GAYS” TROPE EXPLAINED|author=Amanda Hurwitz|March 22, 2021|publisher=Women's Republic}}</ref> and queer characters vanished from the industry - except in subtext. Alfred Hitchcock's 1948 film ''Rope'' is noted as tying murder to a homosexual act. Queer characters were frequently murdered as villains. The 1961 film ''The Children's Hour'', has one of the first examples of a queer character dying at their own hand after being tormented by their sexuality.<ref name="BYG: The Take"/> In 1976 on the soap opera ''Executive Suite'', a lesbian character chased her love interested into the street and was struck by a truck and killed.<ref name="BYG: THR"/>
+[[File:SapphoKalpis.png|thumb|right|200px|Painted vase depicting [[Sappho]] (c. 510 BC)]]
+The term "F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹" originally referred to people or things from the Greek island of Lesbos. It is associated with famous poet [[Sappho]], a community leader from the island of Lesbos who wrote multiple love poems to other women circa 600 BCE.<ref name="Merriam-Webster Dictionary: F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹" /> The adjective "[[sapphic]]" is also derived from Sappho.<ref name="Etymonline: Sapphic">{{Cite_web |url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/Sapphic#etymonline_v_22727 |title=Etymology, origin and meaning of sapphic |author=etymonline |work=[https://www.etymonline.com Online Etymology Dictionary]}}</ref> Sappho also wrote erotic and romantic verses that included men, but in English language texts, her particular association with the erotic love between women has been dated to 1732 or before. By 1870, "F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹ism" had become a noun for a woman's erotic interest in other women or homosexual relations between them,<ref name="Etymonline: F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹">{{Cite_web |url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 |title=Etymology, origin and meaning of F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 |author=etymonline |work=[https://www.etymonline.com Online Etymology Dictionary]}}</ref> while the phrase "F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 love" was in use by 1883, originally circulating in U.S. medical journals that framed sexual intimacy between women as pathological.<ref name="Eve Adams">{{Cite_print |author=Katz, Jonathan Ned |title=The Daring Life and Dangerous Times of Eve Adams |publisher=Chicago Review Press |date=2021 |isbn=9781641605199}}</ref> Previously used as an adjective related to the isle of Lesbos or to amatory poetry, "F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹" has been in continuous use since 1890<ref name="Etymonline: F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹" /> to describe romantic and/or sexual behavior between women regardless of their specific sexualities, such as "F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 couple", "F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 sex", or "F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 kiss".<ref name="Merriam-Webster Dictionary: F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹" /> By 1904, F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 was in use as a noun.<ref name="Jacobus X">{{Cite_print |author=X, Jacobus |title=Crossways of Sex: A Study in Eroto-pathology |version=vol. 2 |publisher=British Bibliophiles' Society |url=https://archive.org/details/crosswaysofsexst0000unse}}</ref>
+==Community==
-The 1980s brought forth a new storyline for queer characters - the [[HIV/AIDS pandemic]]. This is prominent in the 1993 film, ''Philadelphia''. While the film brought awareness to the crushing nature of the epidemic, it fell into the Bury Your Gays trope, just in a different way.<ref name="BYG: The Take"/>
+===History===
+====During the Weimar Republic (1919–1933)====
+[[File:Sie Representiert.jpg|thumb|left|200px|''Sie repräsentiert!'' ("She represents!") by Jeanne Mammen, c. 1928, depicts a party in a F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 bar.]]
+In Germany, the word "homosexual" was widely used, but not universally loved, by F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 men and F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s by the 1920s. Other language used by homosexual women included ''F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹er'' (F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹), ''freundin'' (female form of "friend"), and ''tribade'' (from the French usage, but rare by the 1920s), along with references to Sappho. Words implying certain roles also emerged. Although less language specified feminine F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s, ''Mädi'' or Dame were sometimes used. F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 magazines sometimes described "Don Juans" and the "Ben Hur type", while two words that suggested a masculine appearance, and might be loosely translated as "butch" today, were ''Bubi'' (lad, also a reference to the popular bobbed haircut) and ''garçonne''.<ref name="Queer Identities and Politics in Germany" /> ''Garçonne'' was derived from the French word ''garçon'' ("boy") with a feminine suffix added. Its closest English translation would be "tomboy". Victor Margueritte's 1922 novel ''La Garçonne'', translated for English readers as "The Bachelor Girl", led to popular use of ''garçonne'' as a description for flappers, women who wore masculine clothing, and F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s. A F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 magazine originally published as ''Frauenliebe'' ("Woman Love") was retitled ''Garçonne'' from 1930 to 1932, and a F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 club of that name was opened in 1931 by Susi Wannowsky.<ref name="We Weren't Modern Enough">{{Cite_print |author=Meskimmon, Marsha |title=We Weren't Modern Enough: Women Artists and the Limits of German Modernism |publisher=University of California Press |date=1999 |isbn=9780520221345 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yWVobn2G42oC&pg=PA206}}</ref>
+The most common Weimar era alternative to "homosexual" was "friend", placing an emphasis on emotional relationships while also obscuring the sexual element for those not in the know. Men's and women's "friendship" magazines demonstrated that a sense of shared identity was developing between F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 men and F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s, along with discussions of how solidarity would be needed for a political movement. Compared to F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 men, women seemed more tolerant of androgyny and crossing gender lines, but some publications debated the traits of masculine F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s versus feminine F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s.<ref name="Queer Identities and Politics in Germany" />
-The Bury Your Gays trope has faced immense scrutiny in television, as shows have proven especially deadly for female LGBTQ characters. Between 2015 and 2016, 42 lesbians and bisexual women were killed off in US TV shows. In 2016, four of these deaths happened in a single month. The most prominent became Lexa in ''The 100'', who was murdered just minutes after having sex with Clarke. The death prompted a widespread backlash against the Bury Your Gays trope, with the ramifications of the movement shining light on the tragedies.<ref name="BYG: The Take"/>
+After World War I, the number of F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 cafés and clubs in Berlin increased dramatically, reaching more than fifty by the mid-1920s. Some establishments were class-segregated; for instance, the Club Monbijou West required an invitation, and the Pyramid was for celebrities and artists. The Chez Ma Belle Sœur was regarded by locals as a showplace for tourists. Other parts of the Weimar F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 scene brought together women of various social classes that had been isolated from each other prior to the war.<ref name="Queer Identities and Politics in Germany" />
-Fans created the "Lexa Pledge", asking TV writers and producers to commit to giving LGBTQ characters "significant storylines with meaningful arcs, as the deaths of queer characters have deep psychosocial ramifications. To refuse to kill a queer character solely to further the plot of a straight one.” Some creators signed the pledge, but others argued the importance of how their LGBTQ characters and portrayed - not just whether or not they die.<ref name="BYG: The Take"/> By March 2016, 146 lesbian or bisexual characters perished on TV shows, with 18 couples on 16 TV shows, found happy endings.<ref name="BYG: THR"/> Since 2017, an increase in representation that is both rich and complex has emerged.<ref name="BYG: The Take"/>
+====During the Nazi regime (1933–1945)====
-Now, the trope is used by queer and non-queer authors to serve both the narrative and greater context, which is more equal to straight characters deaths. These can be seen in ''RENT'' and ''A Single Man''. Despite the progress that has been made, creators are still these harmful tropes to further their story. The history and usage of this trope is proven harmful to the larger context in which they exist.<ref name="BYG: Hulan"/>
+{{Main|F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 history during the Nazi regime}}
+The history of F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s during the Nazi regime is still being researched and compiled decades later. The experiences of F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s and women accused of being F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s are difficult to trace and cross-reference across scattered documents. Few women were identified as F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s in official records kept during the Nazi era. Victims were not necessarily F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s despite being documented as such by the Nazis; it is unclear how many of the allegations were false.<ref name="USHMM: F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s">{{Cite_web | url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s-under-the-nazi-regime |title=F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s under the Nazi Regime |author=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum |work=[https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org Holocaust Encyclopedia] |archivedate=20220112140250}}</ref>
+Adolf Hitler's Nazi regime used a strengthened version of [[Paragraph 175]], which criminalized male homosexuality, to engage in extensive, systematic persecution of F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 men.<ref name="USHMM: F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s" /> Sexual intimacy between women was not criminalized, with the exception of Austria, but the Nazis disrupted informal F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 and F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 social networks, raided and closed their public meeting places, and put locations under surveillance. While some fled the country, others attempted to outwardly conform by entering marriages of convenience, sometimes between a F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 man and a F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹. The Third Reich saw marriage and motherhood as the ultimate purpose of women, specifically to increase the "desirable" Aryan population. To the Nazis, F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s could be "cured"<ref name="F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Encyclopedia: Nazism">{{Cite_print |author=Schoppmann, Claudia |titlepart=Nazism |title=F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Histories and Cultures: An Encyclopedia |contributor=Zimmerman, Bonnie (editor) |publisher=Garland Publishing |date=2000 |isbn=0815319207 |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofle00bzim/page/539}}</ref> to bear Aryan children by persuasion or by force.<ref name="USHMM: F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s" /><ref name="F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Encyclopedia: Nazism" />
-===Examples of usage===
-===Television===
-* ''Boardwalk Empire'' - Angela, Lousie
-* ''Buffy the Vampire Slayer'' - Tara
-* ''Chicago Fire'' - Leslie Shay
-* ''Jane the Virgin'' - Rose
-* ''Kingdom'' -  Nathaniel Kulina
-* ''Northern Exposure'' - Cicel
-* ''Orange is the New Black'' - Poussey Washington
-* ''Orphan Black'' - Delphine
-* ''Pretty Little Liars'' - Maya St. Germain
-* ''Supernatural'' - Castiel
-* ''The 100'' - Lexa
-* ''The Magicians'' - Kira
-* ''The Walking Dead'' - Denise, Alisha
-* ''The Vampire Diaries'' - Nora and Mary Louise
-* ''The L Word'' - Jenny Schecter, Dana
+F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s did not experience the same systematic persecution as F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 men, but they could be investigated, arrested, and sent to prisons or concentration camps for other "offenses", such as being Jewish or engaging in subversive political behavior; their sexuality was not the official reason listed. While F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 men were forced to wear a downward-pointing [[pink triangle]] in camps that used coded badges, F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s were instead marked with whichever badge corresponded to their official reason for arrest and internment.<ref name="USHMM: F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s" /> Some F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s were marked as "asocials" and wore a downward-pointing black triangle.<ref name="F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Encyclopedia: Nazism" /> The black triangle has been used by some F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s in a manner similar to how some people in the F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 community have reclaimed the pink triangle as a defiant symbol.<ref name="ODU: Queer 101">{{Cite_web |url=https://www.odu.edu/oir/F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹/queer101 |title=Queer 101 |author=Old Dominian University |work=[https://www.odu.edu/oir/F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Old Dominian University - F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹QIA+ Initiatives] |archivedate=20211025074140}}</ref>
-==Closeted Jock==
+====Legal challenges to F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 literature====
-==Gay Best Friend (GBF)==
+{{Quote |Dottie is pretty and stout, with long, fluffy black hair, black eyes. She always wears sleeveless gowns, while Sammie 'struts' her tightly fitting tailored suit, and the inevitable attached collar and tie, which means so much in the life of a F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹. The two often get publicity in current periodicals and are generally called 'husband and wife.'<br /><br />Sammie smiles when she reads these articles, while Dottie silently blushes.<br /><br />This 'Flowery Tea Pot' has become a very popular and interesting rendezvous for loving couples of the same sex, mostly the fair sex . . . where over a cup of tea lovers meet and wistfully look into each other's eyes . . . where new ones and lonely ones get acquainted and embrace each other, swaying to the melody of a dreamy waltz. |speaker=Eve Adams (as "Evelyn Addams") |source=''F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Love'' (1925)}}
+Chawa Zloczewer was a Polish Jewish F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 who is best known as Eve Adams, the name she eventually adopted in the United States. The U.S. government first began surveillance of her based on "radical activities", primarily selling subscriptions to leftist magazines. She established "Eve's Hangout" in New York's Greenwich Village, a tearoom that attracted fellow F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s and F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 men. In February 1925, she wrote a short book called ''F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Love'' as "Evelyn Addams". It included fictionalized versions of Adams and other F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s she knew, as well as drawings of pairs of clothed and nude women, loving each other. It reflected beliefs at the time about F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s as born "sexually inverted", or having a masculine nature, and pairing off with feminine women. Only 150 copies were made for private distribution.<ref name="Eve Adams" />
+Nevertheless, after an undercover policewoman entrapped Adams, she was found guilty of publishing an "indecent book" and sentenced to the maximum one-year imprisonment. Adams asserted that her book was "not in any way immoral, indecent, or vulgar." Some contemporary reports sensationalized her arrest and trials. After release from prison, the federal government held the deportation hearings they had previously organized against her, and she was deported to Poland. She eventually moved to Paris. In December 1943, she was arrested in Nazi-occupied France and deported to Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp. She died sometime between then and the liberation of the camp in 1945.<ref name="Eve Adams" />
-==Queerbaiting==
-===Overview===
-'''Queerbaiting''' is a term used to describe a manipulative marketing practice of using perceived or potential [[queer]]ness for publicity.<ref name="RS">{{Cite web|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-features/queerbaiting-lgbtq-community-1201273/|title=Why Queerbaiting Matters More Than Ever|author=Mendes II, Moises|publisher=Rolling Stone|date=2021-07-23}}</ref><ref name="H">{{Cite web|url=https://www.health.com/mind-body/lgbtq-health/queerbaiting|title=Queerbaiting: What it Looks Like and Why It's Harmful|author=Murphy, Colleen|publisher=Health.com|date-2021-09-10}}</ref> It has allegedly been used since the 1950s<ref name="D">{{Cite web|url=https://www.dictionary.com/e/slang/queerbaiting/|title=What Is Queerbaiting? - Meaning & Explanation|publisher=Dictionary.com|date=2022}}</ref> and has been used online,<ref name="RS" /> such as by users on the blogging platform Tumblr expressing anger over the treatment of LGBT+ individuals in media,<ref name="Atlanxic">{{Cite web|url=https://atlanxic.tumblr.com/post/36720884625/an-explanation-of-queer-baiting-and-why-its-a|title=An Explanation of Queer Baiting and Why It's a Problem|author=Lan|publisher=Tumblr|date=2012-11-28}}</ref><ref name="N">{{Cite web|url=https://neologisms.blogs.wm.edu/2016/03/29/queer-baiting/|title=Queer Baiting - 21st-Century Interdisciplinary Dictionary|publisher=Neologisms|date=2016-03-29}}</ref> and has since been expanded to include businesses and celebrities using queer imagery to appeal to the LGBT+ community for the sake of publicity, promotion, or capitalistic gain.<ref name="RS" /> Deliberate queerbaiting has a malicious element, often most-clearly seen through television media as writers and creators hint at queerness before "emphatically denying and laughing off the possibility".<ref name="Fathallah">{{Cite print|title=Moritary's Ghost: Or the Queer Disruption of BBC's Sherlock|author=Fathallah, Judith|publisher=Television News & Media|date=2015}}</ref>
+In 1928, British author Radclyffe Hall published ''The Well of Loneliness'', a semi-autobiographical novel about "sexual inversion" like hers. Its depiction of a F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 relationship led to attacks in the press and withdrawing it from publication in the Britain. Her publisher was charged under the Obscene Publications Act of 1857. Finding the book obscene and capable of corrupting readers, the court ordered it removed from circulation and destroyed. The labeling of the book as "obscene" drew attention of publishers in the U.S., and the firm that bought the U.S. rights hired a lawyer who successfully defended it in 1929.<ref name="PBS">{{Cite_web |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/roadshow/stories/articles/2019/4/1/radclyffe-hall-well-of-loneliness-legacy |title=The History and Legacy Surrounding 'The Well of Loneliness,' the First F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Novel to Be Published in the United States and Britain |author=Albanesi, Melanie |date=2019-04-01 |work=[https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/roadshow Antiques Roadshow] |publisher=PBS |archivedate=20210821000007 }}</ref>
-Queerbaiting is not the same as queercoding,<ref name="BR">{{Cite web|url=https://bookriot.com/what-is-queerbaiting-vs-queer-coding/|title=What is Queerbaiting vs Queercoding?|author=Jaigirdar, Adiba|publisher=Book Riot|date=2021-07-09}}</ref> and Joseph Brennan noted in his book that there is a distinction between "unintentional, or ''genuine'', homoeroticism and queerbaiting" (emphasis original).<ref name="Brennan">{{Cite print|title=Queerbaiting and fandom : teasing fans through homoerotic possibilities|contributor=Brennan, Joseph|publisher=University of Iowa Press|date=2019|language=English|ISBN=9781609386719}}</ref>
+[[F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 pulp fiction#Women's Barracks|''Women's Barracks'']], by Tereska Torrès, was published in 1950 by Gold Medal Books and is regarded as the first F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 pulp novel.<ref name="F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Pulp Fiction">{{Cite_print|author=Forrest, Katherine V.|title=F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Pulp Fiction: The Sexually Intrepid World of F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Paperback Novels|publisher=Cleis Press Inc.|date=2005|isbn=1573442100}}</ref> The semi-autobiographical novel was based upon the diaries she kept as a member of the Free French Forces during World War II, novelized and published at the urging of her husband. Multiple F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 women are described and identified as such in the story, while other women engage in occasional liaisons and are not regarded as "real F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s".<ref name="Women's Barracks">{{Cite_print |author=Torrès, Tereska |title=Women's Barracks |publisher=Gold Medal Books |date=1950}}</ref> Torrès did not regard it as a "F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹" novel, merely one that included sexuality in a way that Americans were not accustomed to, and she was not a F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 herself. ''Women's Barracks'' became the first bestselling paperback original novel, selling two million copies in just its first five years. It was also subjected to a United States congressional committee on "current pornographic materials" that eventually allowed it to remain uncensored because it had "moral lessons" about the so-called "problem" of F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹ism; however, a Canadian court review ruled it obscene.<ref name="Torres">{{Cite_web |url=https://www.salon.com/2005/08/09/torres_3|title=Sapphic soldiers |author=Smallwood, Christine |date=2005-08-09 |work=[https://www.salon.com Salon] |archivedate=20210118013547}}</ref>
-Historically, there has been limited representation of queer people in mainstream media; the representation that did exist often painted male characters as villains or people with mental disorders,<ref name="Rogan">{{Cite web|url=https://roganshannon.com/2018/05/15/queer-coding-and-queerbaiting/|title=Queer Coding and Queer Baiting|author=Shannon, Rogan|date=2018-05-15}}</ref> while women demonstrating lesbian traits were frequently killed off to suit a white heteronormative narrative - the 'tragic lesbian' theme.<ref name="Vox">{{Cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/2016/3/25/11302564/lesbian-deaths-television-trope|title=Queer women have been killed on television for decades. Now The 100's fans are fighting back|author=Framke, Caroline|publisher=Vox|date=2016-03-25}}</ref>
+====Mid-20th century, United States====
-While the practice of queerbaiting is often seen as a negative, some members of the LGBT+ community view it as an improvement in the representation of queer people and queer relationships.<ref name="BBC">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-47820447|title=Queerbaiting - exploitation or a sign of progress?|author=Honderich, Holly|publisher=BBC News|date=2019-04-08}}</ref> In addition, some believe that queercoded characters who do not end up cementing that queerness (often by entering a canon relationship) amount to queerbaiting, regardless of extenuating contexts or circumstances, including the "queerness" of the creators themselves or the LGBT+ representation and diversity already contained within such media.<ref name="GM">{{Cite web|url=https://gizmodo.com/steven-universe-artist-quits-twitter-over-fan-harassmen-1785242762|title=''Steven Universe'' Artist Quits Twitter Over Fan Harassment|author=Elderkin, Beth|publisher=Gizmodo|date=2016-08-13}}</ref>
+[[File:BoLSoG-ApartmentCouple.png|thumb|right|200px|A butch/femme couple photographed in front of their apartment in the 1950s]]
+In the 1940s, F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 group solidarity began to grow in the United States, and the 1950s built on that through night life at F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 bars and house parties. In the U.S., participation in F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 communities was largely predicated on adopting [[butch]]/[[femme]] culture and its associated roles as they were understood in that time period. The butch/femme code of personal behavior became a social imperative to increase the visibility of F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s to the public and to each other, particularly with the expression of butch identities, whether or not a femme partner was present.<ref name="Boots of Leather, Slippers of Gold">{{Cite_print |author=Kennedy, Elizabeth Lapovsky and Davis, Madeline D. |title=Boots of Leather, Slippers of Gold: The History of a F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Community |version=20th anniversary edition |publisher=Routledge (Taylor & Francis Group) |date=2014 |isbn=9781315767611}}</ref>
+Locations where F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s congregated became sites of resistance and defiance of the societal repression of women's sexuality. Growing F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 pride and solidarity developed into the political consciousness of F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 liberation that spread with the [[Stonewall riots]] of 1969 and the subsequent decades. Bar culture in particular evolved into politics focused on the right to congregate rather than the [[homophile]] movement that focused on the right to equal protection.<ref name="Boots of Leather, Slippers of Gold" />
-===Etymology===
-The term comes from the noun "queer" (''not-[[heterosexual]], not-[[cisgender]]'') combined with the verb "to bait" (''the act of luring, as if into a trap''). It harkens from the political portmanteau of "race-baiting",<ref name="D" /><ref name="N" /> which was used to bring up perceived negative details of an opponent to undermine them.
-===Examples of usage===
+====Stonewall riots====
+{{Quote |It was a rebellion, it was an uprising, it was a civil rights disobedience&mdash;it wasn't no damn riot. |speaker=[[Stormé DeLarverie]]}}
-* ''Sherlock''
+In the late 1960s, it was illegal in the state of New York for people considered "of the same sex" to publicly hold hands, kiss, or dance with each other.<ref name="History: Stonewall Riots">{{Cite_web |url=https://www.history.com/topics/F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-rights/the-stonewall-riots |title=Stonewall Riots |date=2017-05-31 |author=History.com Editors |publisher=A&E Television Networks |archivedate=20220120210442}}</ref> Police also harassed and arrested people who were not wearing attire that matched binary genders imposed by the police, such as those the police viewed as "female" who was not wearing enough "[[feminine]]" attire. F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s and trans men were targeted on the streets and in bars for harassment, assaults, and examinations of their anatomy; for instance, the [[drag]] king Rusty Brown was repeatedly arrested for wearing a shirt and pants.<ref name="History: Drag">{{Cite_web |url=https://www.history.com/news/stonewall-riots-F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹q-drag-three-article-rule |title=How Dressing in Drag Was Labeled a Crime in the 20th Century |date=2019-06-28 |author=Ryan, Hugh |publisher=A&E Television Networks |archivedate=20220103171807}}</ref>
-* ''Supernatural''
-* ''The 100''<ref name="V">{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2016/tv/opinion/the-100-lexa-jason-rothenberg-1201729110/|title=What TV Can Learn From 'The 100' Mess|author=Ryan, Maureen|publisher=Variety|date=2016-03-04}}</ref>
-* ''Supergirl''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://medium.com/incluvie/supergirl-is-back-and-it-looks-like-the-queerbaiting-is-too-c3e1779e4e9a|title=‘Supergirl’ Is Back, And It Looks Like the Queerbaiting is Too|author=Rherman, Maddie|date=2021-04-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rhodycigar.com/2021/11/12/queerbaiting-in-supergirl-more-than-just-missed-chances/|title=Queerbaiting in ‘Supergirl’: More than just missed chances|date=2021-11-12|author=Kayla Laguerre-Lewis}}</ref>
-* ''Riverdale''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.popbuzz.com/tv-film/riverdale/queerbaiting-archie-joaquin-kiss-lgbt/|title='Riverdale' needs to stop queerbaiting its LGBTQ+ audience|author=Prance, Sam|date=2018-11-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bustle.com/p/riverdale-queer-baiting-how-one-tweet-exposed-the-fan-conversation-we-need-to-pay-attention-to-52319|title=Riverdale, Queer-Baiting, And How One Tweet Exposed the Fan Conversation We Need To Pay Attention|author=Mary Kate McGrath|date=April 20, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.teenvogue.com/story/riverdales-asexual-erasure-can-be-harmful|title='Riverdale's' Asexual Erasure Can Be Harmful|author=Jonno Revanche|date=APRIL 14, 2017}}</ref>
-* ''Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2019/film/news/star-wars-finn-poe-not-boyfriends-lgbtq-representation-1203423286/|title=‘Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker’: Finn and Poe Aren’t Boyfriends, but J.J. Abrams Hints at LGBTQ Representation|author=Vary, Adam|date=2019-12-09}}</ref>
+The Stonewall riots, also called the Stonewall uprising,<ref name="Brittanica">{{Cite_web |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Stonewall-riots |title=Stonewall riots, United States history |date=2009-06-17 |author=The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica |publisher=[https://www.britannica.com Encyclopaedia Britannica]}}</ref> started on June 28, 1969, at the Stonewall Inn, a [[F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹]] club located in Greenwich Village in New York City. Initially a confrontation between patrons and police officers, it was strengthened by other members of the F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹QIA+ community and neighborhood street people.<ref name="History: Drag" /> Despite several drawbacks, the Stonewall Inn was an important institution for the local community. The Genovese crime family, a Mafia organization, found it profitable to control most of the F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 bars in Greenwich Village, including Stonewall Inn. Police officers were bribed to ignore the bar or tip it off prior to the frequent police raids,<ref name="History: Stonewall Riots" /> which usually resulted in people who were inside the bar fleeing and those outside dispersing.<ref name="Brittanica" />
-==Word of Gay==
+[[File:Stormé DeLarverie standing.jpg|thumb|left|200px|[[Stormé DeLarverie]], sometime between 1955 and 1969]]
+In the early morning hours on June 28, 1969, Stonewall Inn was not tipped off before police officers arrived with a warrant. The officers were physically aggressive with the patrons and began arresting employees for liquor license violations and patrons for "cross-dressing".<ref name="History: Stonewall Riots" /> [[Stormé DeLarverie]], who worked as a drag king, and several fellow butch F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s attempted to defend their friends, but were beaten by police.<ref name="Three Village">{{Cite_web |url=https://www.tvhs.org/post/stormé-delarverie-stonewall-stalwart |title=Stormé DeLarverie: Stonewall Stalwart |author=Mae, Tara |date=2020-06-28 |work=Three Village Historical Society |archivedate=20220117140807}}</ref> Although there is some debate about whether or not DeLarverie was the party in certain events, along with the sequence of those events,<ref name="Three Village" /><ref name="Them">{{Cite_web |url=https://www.them.us/story/drag-king-cabaret-legend-activist-storme-delarverie |title=Drag Herstory: A Drag King's Journey From Cabaret Legend to Iconic Activist |author=[https://www.them.us/contributor/elyssa-goodman Goodman, Alyssa] |date=2018-03-29 |work=[https://www.them.us them.] |archivedate=20220117140807}}</ref> she has been attributed with throwing the first punch and initiating the riot. At some point, DeLarverie stated an officer told her to move along, called her a slur referring to a F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 man, and hit her; she punched back.<ref name="Them" /> When a F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 was forced into the police van and struck over the head, she shouted at the onlookers to act; the crowd began throwing objects at the police.<ref name="History: Stonewall Riots" /> Some accounts are that DeLarverie complained about her handcuffs and was struck with a baton. She was dragged into the police wagon and attempted to flee toward Stonewall Inn. When she was pulled back and further beaten by the officers, she reportedly yelled to the crowd, "Why don't you do something?"<ref name="Three Village" />
+Over the following six days, the community engaged in protests and violent clashes with law enforcement on Christopher Street, in neighboring streets, and in nearby Christopher Park.<ref name="History: Stonewall Riots" /> Although the uncoordinated actions are often called a riot, DeLarverie described it as a rebellion, uprising, and civil rights disobedience.<ref name="Three Village" /> The event is widely regarded as a catalyst for the civil rights movement for F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹, F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹, bisexual, and transgender people in the United States.<ref name="NPS">{{Cite_web |url=https://www.nps.gov/places/stonewall-national-monument.htm |title=Stonewall National Monument |partialdate=2018-08-09 (last updated) |publisher=National Park Service |archivedate=20220108011405}}</ref>
+====F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-feminism and the F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 sex wars====
+F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-feminism{{#tag:ref |"F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-feminist" and "F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-feminism" are being hyphenated to help emphasize that they refer to a specific kind of feminism and have a different meaning from F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s who are also feminists. |group=note}} and the F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 separatist movement emerged from within the larger Second Wave of feminism, which had largely ignored and excluded F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s.<ref name="F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Feminism">{{Cite_web |url=https://outhistory.org/exhibits/show/F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s-20th-century/F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-feminism |title=F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Feminism, 1960s and 1970s |author=Westerband, Yamissette |partialdate=2008 |archivedate=20211213235415}}</ref> Many radical feminists believed the sexual revolution of the 1960s was more exploitative than liberating and saw sexual liberation and women's liberation as mutually exclusive. They wanted feminists to stop focusing on sex, and some viewed F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s as "hypersexual".<ref name="Echols">{{Cite_print |author=Echols, Alice |titlepart=The Eruption of Difference |title='Daring to Be Bad': Radical Feminism in America, 1967-1975 |publisher=University of Minnesota Press |date=1989 |url=https://archive.org/details/daringtobebadrad0000echo/page/203/mode/1up}}</ref> In 1969, the president of the National Organization of Women (NOW), Betty Friedan, said that F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s were the "lavender menace" to the reputation of the women's liberation movement (Susan Brownmiller further dismissed F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s as only an inconsequential "lavender herring" in a March 1970 article in ''The New York Times'').<ref name="Lavender Menace Action">{{Cite_web |url=https://www.nycF 🅰️ g🇬o🇹sites.org/site/lavender-menace-action-at-second-congress-to-unite-women |title=Lavender Menace Action at Second Congress to Unite Women |author=Kahn, Emily |work=[https://www.nycF 🅰️ g🇬o🇹sites.org NYC F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Historic Sites Project |archivedate=20220121215024}}</ref> Author and F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 [[Rita Mae Brown]] was relieved of her duties as editor of New York-NOW's newsletter; in response, she and two other F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s resigned from other NOW offices and issued a statement about homophobia within NOW. In late 1969, Brown joined others in organizing a F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-feminist movement.<ref name="Echols" /> At the Second Congress to Unite Women on May 1, 1970, the "Lavender Menace"&mdash;a group of F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 activists from RadicaF 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s, the [[F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Liberation Front]], and other feminist groups&mdash;coordinated a demonstration to successfully demand recognition of F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹ism and the oppression of F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s as legitimate feminist concerns.<ref name="Lavender Menace Action" /> Those planning the action included Brown, Ellen Bedoz, Cynthia Funk, Lois Hart, and March Hoffman.<ref name="Echols" />
+The RadicaF 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s additionally distributed their article "The Woman Identified Woman", which framed "homosexuality" and "heterosexuality" as categories created and used by a male-dominated society to separate women from each other and dominate them. The article argued that since F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹ism involved women relating to women, it was essential to women's liberation. They called for complete separatism from men.<ref name="F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Feminism" /> According to "Lavender Menace" member Jennifer Woodul, the term "woman-identified" may have been proposed by Cynthia Funk, and it was meant to be less threatening to heterosexual women than "F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹". The group criticized characterizing F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s based on sexuality as "divisive and sexist", and redefined F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹ism as a primarily political choice that showed solidarity between women.<ref name="Echols" />
+Expressions of F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 sexuality were often treated as problematic by the F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-feminist movement,<ref name="Boots of Leather, Slippers of Gold" /> and the acceptance of F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s in the feminist movement was contingent upon de-emphasizing sexuality. Many heterosexual feminists did not welcome discussions of any sexuality whatsoever and thought feminism should move away from the topic; thus, F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-feminists further reframed F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹ism as a matter of sensuality rather than sexuality. They also portrayed men's sexuality as always aggressive and seeking to conquer while women were portrayed as nurturing and seeking to communicate. In this ideology, F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹ism became the ultimate expression of feminism by not involving men, while sex with men was oppressive and corrupt. With men, maleness, masculine roles, and the patriarchy all seen as linked together, F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-feminists viewed feminists who continued to associate with men, especially by having sex with them, as inferior and consorting with "the enemy". All-"F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹" retreats were held, and houses and communes were formed, for those seeking to practice F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 separatism. Since any desire for men was seen as "male identified" rather than "woman identified", straight feminists were seen as unwilling or unable to commit to other women, making them lesser feminists than political F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s who chose women.<ref name="Echols" />
+Two key texts to the F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-feminist movement were Adrienne Rich's{{#tag:ref |Despite Adrienne Rich's controversial politics, including her use of now outdated or offensive terms, she was one of the most influential women in the F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 space at the time. Her inclusion here reflects her contributions but is not an indicator of support in her controversies.|group=note}} 1980 article "Compulsory Heterosexuality and F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Existence" and Lillian Faderman's 1981 book ''Surpassing the Love of Men''. The texts emphasized loving and passionate relationships between women that were not necessarily sexual; however, they also treated sexuality as unimportant. Faderman's book claimed that the medical establishment's view of love between women as pathological led to the patriarchy treating any close relationships as suspicious and sexual; therefore, women's relationships should defy that view by no longer emphasizing sexuality. Rich continued the framing of F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s as a political identity, a resistance to patriarchy, and commonality between all women-identified "passionate friends", warriors, and activists. She furthered the argument that being a F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 was a choice, and that all feminists should make that choice as they removed themselves from male influences. Faderman and Rich's texts also split F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 history from the history of F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 men.<ref name="Boots of Leather, Slippers of Gold" />
+The "sex wars" shifted near the end of the 1970s to encompass additional sexual expressions beyond F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹ism. Anti-pornography feminism developed in part from F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-feminist thoughts about straight men as inherently aggressive toward women and heterosexual sex as equivalent to violence. Butch/femme culture was seen by F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-feminists and anti-pornography feminists alike<ref name="The Sex Wars">{{Cite_web |url=https://outhistory.org/exhibits/show/F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s-20th-century/sex-wars |title=The Sex Wars, 1970s to 1980s |author=McBride, Andrew |partialdate=2008 |archivedate=20220122211607}}</ref> as only an imitation of heterosexuality that reproduced the patriarchy, rather than its own rich culture. Since butch F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s were associated with masculine traits, F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-feminists saw them as inherently suspicious. The free expressions of sexual desire between femmes and butches were regarded as incompatible with the F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-feminists' desexualized version of who could be a F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹. Further, the importance of butches, femmes, and their culture was dismissed. When mentioned at all, F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-feminists treated them as if they were only a footnote, rather than presenting butches and femmes as essential to F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 history.<ref name="Boots of Leather, Slippers of Gold" /> As "pro-sex" feminists discussed sexuality, Esther Newton was one of the proponents of butch/femme dynamics. Many F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s pointed out that the roles had transgressive potential for subverting heterosexual gender norms, rather than imitating them.<ref name="The Sex Wars" />
+Second Wave feminism's focus primarily on the concerns of white, middle-class women pushed out working-class and black women. The F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-feminist disapproval of butches and femmes may have derived from this classism and racism, as black F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 culture and white working-class F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 culture were often organized around butch/femme roles. Many black F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-feminists broke away to form their own groups. They had been condemned by white F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-feminists for fighting alongside black men for freedom, yet faced sexism within black freedom movements. Formed in 1975, the Combahee River Collective is now one of the best-known black F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-feminist groups.<ref name="F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Feminism" />
+Various F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-feminists refused to accept [[transgender]] women as women and based their definition of "women" on genitals present at birth. When [[Beth Elliott]], a transsexual F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 folk singer, had her membership revoked from the [[Daughters of Bilitis]] organization in December 1972, several members resigned in protest. She was on the organizing committee for the West Coast F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Feminist Conference held in 1973 and was scheduled to perform her music. When a group leafleted the conference to protest and misgender Elliott, keynote speaker Robin Morgan rewrote her speech to address the controversy, but only included transphobic rhetoric and attacks on Elliott. Over two-thirds of the attendees voted to allow Elliott to remain, but the hateful ideas in Morgan's speech spread throughout the mid-1970s.<ref name="Transgender History">{{Cite_print |author=Stryker, Susan |title=Transgender History |publisher=Seal Press |date=2008 |isbn=9780786741366}}</ref> Mary Daly, Sheila Jeffreys, and Janice G. Raymond also became prominent anti-trans voices. Raymond cited Adrienne Rich in a chapter called "Sappho by Surgery" in a book<ref name="Was Adrienne Rich Anti-Trans?">{{Cite_web |url=https://prospect.org/civil-rights/adrienne-rich-anti-trans |title=Was Adrienne Rich Anti-Trans? |author=Mukhopadhyay, Samhita |date=2012-04-16 |work=[https://prospect.org The American Prospect] |archivedate=20210410114428}}</ref> that was published in 1979. Other F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-feminists broke ties with the anti-trans elements and supported trans inclusion; these included Candy Coleman, Jeanne Córdova, Deborah Feinbloom, and the Reverend Freda Smith.<ref name="Transgender History" />
+===Flag===
+====Double Venus flags====
+[[File:F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Pride Double Venus1.svg|thumb|left|200px|A double Venus flag]]
+The Venus symbol (♀) originated as an ancient Roman astrological symbol for the female (sometimes called "the mirror of Venus"). It has since become an astronomical symbol of the planet Venus and a botanical and zoological symbol of femaleness. Two interlocking Venus symbols (such as ⚢) often represent F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹ism.<ref name="F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Encyclopedia: Symbols">{{Cite_print |author=Stevens, Christy |titlepart=Symbols |title=F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Histories and Cultures: An Encyclopedia |contributor=Zimmerman, Bonnie (editor) |publisher=Garland Publishing |date=2000 |isbn=0815319207 |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofle00bzim/page/748}}</ref> Multiple [[Pride]] flags combine the double Venus symbol with Gilbert Baker's rainbow designs.<ref name="Double Venus">{{Cite_web |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Double_Venus_symbols |title=Double Venus symbols |work=[https://commons.wikimedia.org Wikimedia Commons] |format=Image category}}</ref>
+====Labrys F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 flag====
+[[File:Labrys F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Flag.svg|thumb|right|200px|The labrys F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 flag]]
+The labrys symbol was adopted as one of empowerment for F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 feminists in the 1970s. In 1999, graphic designer Sean Campbell, a cisgender F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 man, created the labrys F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 flag for the June 2000 Pride issue of ''F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 and F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Times'' magazine. His flag design superimposed a white labrys over the downward-pointed black triangle on a violet-hued background;<ref name="ODU: Queer 101" /> violet flowers have a long association with F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s due to inclusion in Sappho's poetry.<ref name="What Exactly Is The Labrys F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Pride Flag">{{Cite_web |url=https://queerintheworld.com/labrys-F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-pride-flag |title=What Exactly Is The Labrys F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Pride Flag, And What Does It Mean? |work=[https://queerintheworld.com Queer in the World] |archivedate=20211227153610}}</ref>
+Some controversy arose around this flag design, however, as the black triangle is associated with the Holocaust, specifically a mark that "asocials" (including some F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s) and other victims were forced to wear in the Nazi concentration camps.<ref name="ODU: Queer 101" /><ref name="What Exactly Is The Labrys F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Pride Flag" /> Additionally, the labrys has been used as a symbol by some fascist organizations.<ref name="F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Flag History" /> In the years since the flag was created, some trans exclusionists have also adopted the labrys symbol as their own,<ref name="What Exactly Is The Labrys F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Pride Flag" /><ref name="F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Flag History">{{Cite_web |url=https://F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹flaghistory.tumblr.com/post/185390167678/seeing-a-lot-of-misinformation-flying-around |title=The F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Flag |author=[https://F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹flaghistory.tumblr.com How Did We Get Here?] |date=2019-06-05 |archivedate=20211205190140}}</ref> which has led to a widespread perception of the flag as not trans inclusive.<ref name="What Exactly Is The Labrys F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Pride Flag" />
+====Lipstick F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 flag and stripes====
+[[File:Cougar-Lipstick-Pink.png|thumb|left|200px |Design progression from the "Cougar Pride Flag" by Fausto Fernós, to the plagiarized "The Official Lipstick F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Flag" by Natalie McCray, to the stripes-only "pink flag"]]
+In 2008, a "Cougar Pride Flag" was designed by Fausto Fernós,<ref name="Cougar original">{{Cite_web |url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/feastoffools/2414971431 |title=Cougar Pride Flag designed by Fausto Fernós |author=Fernós, Fausto |date=2008-04-15 |archivedate=20190723155420}}</ref> a [[drag]] queen who created it to be tongue-in-cheek; the intention was "to draw attention to the ongoing issue of ageism and sexism in women's sexuality".<ref name="Cougar plagiarism">{{Cite_web |url=https://medium.com/@faustofernos/the-lipstick-F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-flag-idea-was-stolen-from-my-design-of-a-cougar-pride-flag-which-was-designed-ad2d18ae00c1 |title=The Lipstick F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Flag idea was stolen from my design of a Cougar Pride Flag |author=Fernós, Fausto |date=2019-06-12 |archivedate=20210825182106}}</ref> It includes a semi-transparent, dark red lipstick kiss mark in the top left corner and seven stripes in shades of red and pink.<ref name="Cougar original" /> In 2010, the blogger Natalie McCray from ''This F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Life''<ref name="McCray: Lipstick F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Pride!!!">{{Cite_web |url=https://thisF 🅰️ g🇬o🇹life.wordpress.com/2010/07/28/lipstick-F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-pride |title=Lipstick F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Pride!!! |author=McCray, Natalie |work=This F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Life |date=2010-07-28 |archivedate=20151119165126 |nolive=1}}</ref> plagiarized Fernós' design<ref name="F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Flag History" /><ref name="Cougar plagiarism" /> and presented it as her own creation that she called the "official" [[lipstick F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹]] flag. The lipstick graphic was flattened into a solid bright pink with white highlights, and the stripes were lightened and color-shifted with a central white stripe.<ref name="McCray: Lipstick F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Pride!!!" />
+While McCray's image has not been widely adopted in the manner she presented it, a revision<ref name="ODU: Queer 101" /> using McCray's stripe colors and omitting the kiss mark gained more popularity. One version of this was posted in 2013 on a Tumblr blog with the username trans-wife; however, it was captioned as a F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 flag rather than specific to lipstick F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s.<ref name="trans-wife: Pride Flags">{{Cite_web |url=https://trans-wife.tumblr.com/post/69455619432/and-every-one-of-them-deserves-equal-respect-feel |title=Pride Flags |author=[https://trans-wife.tumblr.com trans-wife] |date=2013-12-08 |archivedate=20210603160132}}</ref> A larger version of the pink stripe flag was posted in 2015 by the Pride-Flags account on DeviantArt.<ref name="Pride-Flags: F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹">{{Cite_web |url=https://www.deviantart.com/pride-flags/art/F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-564726041 |title=F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 |author=Pride-Flags |date=2015-10-07 |archiveurl=https://archive.is/2O7xL}}</ref>
+McCray's flag and its derivatives have been criticized when represented as a flag for ''all'' F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s since it was created to be specific to one subculture.<ref name="F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Flag History" /> McCray has been accused of making hateful remarks regarding butches, bisexual women, Asian women,<ref name="F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Flag History" /><ref name="Lydia: A F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Flag for Everyone">{{Cite_web |url=https://medium.com/@lydiandragon/a-F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-flag-for-everyone-cef397b89459 |title=A F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Flag for Everyone |author=Lydia |date=2018-06-26 |archivedate=20191006130034 |nolive=1}}</ref> and trans people, including in a since-deleted blog post by Lydia when presenting her own Sappho-inspired flag design.<ref name="Lydia: A F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Flag for Everyone" /> In a since-deleted post, McCray responded to Lydia and denied the accusations of racism, biphobia, and transphobia.<ref name="McCray: Lydia is Cancelled">{{Cite_web |url=https://thisF 🅰️ g🇬o🇹life.wordpress.com/2018/11/10/lydia-is-cancelled |title=Lydia is Cancelled |author=McCray, Natalie |date=2018-11-10 |archivedate=20190908103333 |nolive=1}}</ref> Since the "pink" flag originated as McCray's lipstick F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 flag, it is similarly seen as not inclusive of butches and other [[gender non-conforming]] F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s.<ref name="F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Flag History" />
+====Sappho-inspired flag====
+Lydia, a biracial (Mi'kmaw and white) [[genderqueer]] F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 from Mi'kma'ki (Atlantic Canada),<ref name="Lydia: About">{{Cite_web |url=https://kispesan.tumblr.com/about |title=About |author=Lydia |work=[https://kispesan.tumblr.com Lydia @kispesan] |archivedate=20210602064653}}</ref> was one of the people who raised concerns about the lipstick F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 flag due to<ref name="Lydia: A F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Flag for Everyone" /> racist posts made by its creator;<ref name="McCray: My Worst Date Ever">{{Cite_web |url=https://thisF 🅰️ g🇬o🇹life.wordpress.com/2010/07/18/my-worst-date-ever |title=My Worst Date Ever |author=McCray, Natalie |date=2018-07-18 |archivedate=20100723170940 |nolive=1}}</ref> additional problems Lydia noted were how some people attempted to use a femme-only flag or its feminine pink-stripe derivative for all F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s, along with using a design that was difficult to reproduce physically, did not have web-friendly colors, and had colors chosen for aesthetics rather than meaning. They decided to design a flag "for ''all'' F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s. ''All'' F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s are welcome to it." The colors came from "seeking some sapphic inspiration" in a poem by Sappho, which she addressed to a female lover:<ref name="Lydia: A F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Flag for Everyone" />
+{{Quote |all the violet tiaras,<br />braided rosebuds, dill and<br />crocus twined around your young neck |speaker=Sappho |source="I have not had one word from her"}}
+[[File:Lydia_sapphic_flag.svg|right|thumb|200px|Sappho-inspired flag designed by Lydia, with Maya Kern's color order]]
+Lydia thus used violets, pink rosebuds, yellow crocuses, and green dill, with the following meanings:<ref name="Lydia: A F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Flag for Everyone" />
+*'''Violet''' <small>(#663399)</small>: Sapphic love<ref name="Lydia: A F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Flag for Everyone" />
+*'''Pink''' <small>(#FF6699)</small>: Fragility<ref name="Lydia: A F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Flag for Everyone" />
+*'''Yellow''' <small>(#FFCC33)</small>: Strength<ref name="Lydia: A F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Flag for Everyone" />
+*'''Green''' <small>(#66CC33)</small>: Healing<ref name="Lydia: A F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Flag for Everyone" />
+The color order was originally different, but Maya Kern suggested the current order for improved harmony. Lydia has since observed that the flag has been referred to online as "the sapphic flag" and has been used as an umbrella pride flag "for all sapphic F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 identities". They have clarified that "''all'' F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s" is inclusive of [[Asexual|ace]] F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s, [[Transgender|trans]] F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s, and those who have not yet pinned down an exact identity.<ref name="Lydia: Sapphic">{{Cite_web |url=https://kispesan.tumblr.com/post/175281520234/the-sapphic-flag-this-flag-was-originally-a |title=The Sapphic Flag |author=Lydia |date=2018-06-26 |work=[https://kispesan.tumblr.com Lydia @kispesan] |archivedate=20220124070254}}</ref>
+====Seven-stripe pink/orange flags====
+[[File:F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹_Flags_7_stripes.png|thumb|left|200px|From top to bottom: the primary design from shapeshifter-of-constellation's proposals, the design by nillia, and the first design posted by sadlesbeandisaster]]
+At the end of June 2017, Mod Q of the Tumblr blog ''butch positivity'' (butchspace) posted a seven-striped orange and yellow butch flag design<ref name="butchspace: Butch flag">{{Cite_web |url=https://butchspace.tumblr.com/post/162316889795/a-new-butch-flag |title=A new butch flag |author=Mod Q of butchspace |work=[https://butchspace.tumblr.com butch positivity] |date=2017-06-27 |archivedate=20211130004936}}</ref> and color meanings.<ref name="butchspace: Color meanings">{{Cite_web |url=https://butchspace.tumblr.com/post/162452543535/based-off-of-princechaotics-suggestions-and-my |title=Color meanings <small>(untitled post)</small> |author=Mod Q of butchspace |work=[https://butchspace.tumblr.com butch positivity] |date=2017-06-30 |archivedate=20211017075347}}</ref> Days later in July, the username shapeshifter-of-constellation{{#tag:ref |As of December 2021, shapeshifter-of-constellation and sadlesbeandisaster are both named Emily, so their respective usernames are used to distinguish them from each other. |group=note}} posted a general F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 flag design. The bottom three stripes use color codes sampled from the top of Mod Q's butch flag, and the top four colors were derived from those of the lipstick F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 flag (three of them directly sampled). The stripes are visually equal in size but have slight variances upon close inspection. Alternate versions with stripes from the [https://hellotierney.com/work/more-color-more-pride More Color More Pride flag] were also offered. At the suggestion of Mod T from ''butch positivity'', shapeshifter-of-constellation proposed that the white stripe could symbolize those who do not identify as butch or femme,<ref name="shapeshifter-of-constellation: Flags">{{Cite_web |url=https://shapeshifter-of-constellation.tumblr.com/post/162570229392/butchspace-i-loooooove-your-orange-butch-flag |title=Flags <small>(untitled post)</small> |author=Emily (shapeshifter-of-constellation) |date=2017-07-03 |archivedate=20211005155813}}</ref> but no meanings were assigned to other individual stripes. Responding to Mod Q, they said the intention of it was a general F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 flag for anyone in the community, not specifically a femme/butch flag.<ref name="shapeshifter-of-constellation: Response">{{Cite_web |url=https://shapeshifter-of-constellation.tumblr.com/post/162641654327/butchspace-i-loooooove-your-orange-butch-flag |title=Response to flag feedback <small>(untitled post)</small> |author=Emily (shapeshifter-of-constellation) |date=2017-07-05 |archivedate=20211230164157}}</ref>
+The Tumblr user Nillia made a post in April 2018 about the history of butchphobia and criticized using lipstick F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 stripes for all F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s; the orange butch flag was reposted as an example of "some very obscure butch designs of unknown date. Most use warm colors." Nillia's seven-striped flag design for all F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s used the top two pink and bottom two red color codes of the lipstick F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 flag, and a white center stripe between stripes in a new light pink and a new light orange.<ref name="Nillia: Suggestion">{{Cite_web |url=https://nillia.tumblr.com/post/173451867160/F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-history-butchphobia-flags-and-a |title=F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 History: Butchphobia , Flags, and a Suggestion |author=Nillia |date=2018-04-30 |work=[https://nillia.tumblr.com Button-Up Scribbles.] |archivedate=20190716051159}}</ref>
+In June 2018, sadlesbeandisaster posted about her ideal F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 pride flag, which she said would use the top half of the pink and the bottom half of the orange flags but orient the orange on top; she included an image matching that description.<ref name="sadlesbeandisaster: Tumblr 1">{{Cite_web |url=https://sadlesbeandisaster.tumblr.com/post/174514713156/honestly-my-ideal-F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-pride-flag-would-be-the |title=Honestly my ideal F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 pride flag...<small>(untitled post)</small> |author=Emily Gwen (sadlesbeandisaster) |date=2018-06-03 |work=[https://sadlesbeandisaster.tumblr.com my url is sad lesbean disaster not sadles bean] |archivedate=20190517192432}}</ref> The image in this post appears to be shapeshifter-of-constellation's rotated and resized.{{#tag:ref |The images from the respective flag post by shapeshifter-of-constellation and the first flag post by sadlesbeandisaster have been carefully compared. While six of the color codes in both images are direct matches for the pink and orange flags, the lighter pink in both images (#d162a6) differs from the corresponding stripe in the pink flag (#d063a6). Their variance in stripe sizing also matches, with neither being a match for those of the pink flag or the orange butch flag; for instance, the orange stripe is the largest and the light orange is the smallest in shapeshifter-of-constellation's and sadlesbeandisaster's images but not in the butch flag. Shapeshifter-of-constellation used the same height (345px) as the orange butch flag but a narrower width (575px) to have a 5:3 aspect ratio; the image in sadlesbeandisaster's post has a close match to that aspect ratio using smaller dimensions than shapeshifter-of-constellation's (85.9%). The subsequent posts by sadlesbeandisaster have different color codes, such as a pure white #FFFFFF stripe, with larger dimensions and different stripe size variances; they no longer match shapeshifter-of-constellation's image. |group=note}} Sadlesbeandisaster has since said she did not steal and invert shapeshifter-of-constellation's flag but rather got the idea to combine the butch and pink flags while talking with a friend and is not surprised other people had that same idea.<ref name="sadlesbeandisaster: Tweet 1">{{Cite_web |url=https://twitter.com/theemilygwen/status/1417108147177619463 |title=Twitter thread (1) |author=Emily Gwen (sadlesbeandisaster) |date=2021-07-19 |archivedate=20210719130610}}</ref> Her friend made the image for her original post, and she has maintained that it is "[her] F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 flag design".<ref name="sadlesbeandisaster: Tweet 2">{{Cite_web |url=https://twitter.com/theemilygwen/status/1417128073439457292 |title=Twitter thread (2) |author=Emily Gwen (sadlesbeandisaster) |date=2021-07-19 |archivedate=20210719142403 |quote=I didn't even make the original image posted. I asked my friend to do it for me because I was crap with stuff like that. We'd made a couple and I said something like 'wait do one for me that's the top of the butch flag and the bottom of the pink one I think that would look cool'}}</ref> Commentary that sadlesbeandisaster was not the original designer was reblogged by shapeshifter-of-constellation in 2021.<ref name="Reblog">{{Cite_web |url=https://shapeshifter-of-constellation.tumblr.com/post/641870031229190145/shapeshifter-of-constellation-butchspace-i |title=Reblogged commentary <small>(untitled post)</small> |author=Emily (shapeshifter-of-constellation) |date=2021-01-31 |archivedate=20210428202432}}</ref>
+Following the first post, sadlesbeandisaster made an initial proposal of color meanings<ref name="sadlesbeandisaster: Tumblr 2">{{Cite_web |url=https://sadlesbeandisaster.tumblr.com/post/174559776241/meanings-for-the-colours-of-the-F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-flag-i |title=Meanings for the colours... <small>(untitled post)</small> |author=Emily Gwen (sadlesbeandisaster) |date=2018-06-04 |work=[https://sadlesbeandisaster.tumblr.com my url is sad lesbean disaster not sadles bean] |archivedate=20190517192429}}</ref> before posting a version with the following meanings, from top to bottom:<ref name="sadlesbeandisaster: Tumblr 3">{{Cite_web |url=https://sadlesbeandisaster.tumblr.com/post/174618152601/can-people-please-acknowledge-this-version-of-the |title=Can people please acknowledge this version... <small>(untitled post)</small> |author=Emily Gwen (sadlesbeandisaster) |date=2018-06-06 |work=[https://sadlesbeandisaster.tumblr.com my url is sad lesbean disaster not sadles bean] |archivedate=20201215035137}}</ref>
+*'''Red-orange:''' gender non-conformity<ref name="sadlesbeandisaster: Tumblr 3" />
+*'''Orange:''' independence<ref name="sadlesbeandisaster: Tumblr 3" />
+*'''Light orange:''' community<ref name="sadlesbeandisaster: Tumblr 3" />
+*'''White:''' unique relationships to womanhood<ref name="sadlesbeandisaster: Tumblr 3" />
+*'''Light pink:''' serenity and peace<ref name="sadlesbeandisaster: Tumblr 3" />
+*'''Medium pink:''' love and sex<ref name="sadlesbeandisaster: Tumblr 3" />
+*'''Dark pink:''' femininity<ref name="sadlesbeandisaster: Tumblr 3" />
+In 2019, sadlesbeandisaster posted an apology for previous comments about [[asexual]] people. She added that she would not apologize for her words regarding identifiers such as "bi F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹", which she considers to be lesbophobic, harmful, and offensive since she defines F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s as having no attraction to men.<ref name="sadlesbeandisaster: Tumblr 4">{{Cite_web |url=https://sadlesbeandisaster.tumblr.com/post/185383640071/okay-everyone-this-will-be-the-last-post-on-this |title=okay everyone, this will be the last post on this topic, so if anyone is searching my blog for ace discourse, this is what to look at |author=Emily Gwen (sadlesbeandisaster) |date=2019-06-05 |work=[https://sadlesbeandisaster.tumblr.com my url is sad lesbean disaster not sadles bean] |archivedate=20210403074336}}</ref>
+====Community F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 pride flag====
+[[File:F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Flag 5 stripe.svg |thumb |right |200px |The five-striped F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 pride flag, also called the community F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 pride flag]]
+The community F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 pride flag originated in a poll called the "[https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdttb_iBX6m9EI4k9VaQVnfTfFBxc1SBXsr1B2-0VYHjuq03Q/viewform Official F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Flag Poll]", which was posted on Tumblr<ref name="official-F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-flag: poll">{{Cite_web |url=https://official-F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-flag.tumblr.com/post/175406002884/official-F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-flag-poll |title=Official F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Flag Poll |author=official-F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-flag |date=2018-06-30 |work=the search for the official F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 flag |archiveurl=https://archive.is/i0CmP |nolive=1}}</ref> and Twitter on June 30, 2018.<ref name="F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹flag: poll">{{Cite_web |url=https://twitter.com/F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹flag/status/1013075032514416641 |title=Tweet (1) |author=[https://twitter.com/F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹flag Official F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Flag] (@F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹flag) |date=2018-06-30 |archivedate=20201215041509}}</ref> By July 25, Catherine (then under the username [https://purrfectbycath.tumblr.com taqwomen]) had suggested a five-striped and three-striped modification of the design attributed to sadlesbeandisaster.<ref name="official-F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-flag: five">{{Cite_web |url=https://official-F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-flag.tumblr.com/post/176284375674/taqwomen-taqwomen-has-someone-done-this-i |title=Edits by taqwomen <small>(untitled)</small> |author=official-F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-flag |date=2018-07-25 |work=the search for the official F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 flag |archivedate=20200810134852 |nolive=1}}</ref>
+Catherine's five-striped suggestion was announced on August 28 as the poll winner.<ref name="F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹flag: results">{{Cite_web |url=https://twitter.com/F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹flag/status/1034419322289094656 |title=Tweet (2) |author=[https://twitter.com/F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹flag Official F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Flag] (@F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹flag) |date=2018-08-28 |archivedate=20211027030146}}</ref>
+Meanings were later given to the five colors by the Tumblr user birdblinder. They are, from top to bottom:<ref name="F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹flag: meanings">{{Cite_web |url=https://twitter.com/F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹flag/status/1059477130415951878 |title=Tweet (3) |author=[https://twitter.com/F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹flag Official F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Flag] |date=2018-11-05 |archivedate=20210611183601}}</ref>
+*'''Dark orange:''' transgressive womanhood<ref name="F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹flag: meanings" />
+*'''Light orange:''' community<ref name="F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹flag: meanings" />
+*'''White:''' gender non-conformity <ref name="F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹flag: meanings" />
+*'''Light pink:''' freedom<ref name="F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹flag: meanings" />
+*'''Dark pink: ''' love<ref name="F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹flag: meanings" />
+In addition to the poll that produced the community F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 pride flag, other polls regarding F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 flag designs were circulated on Tumblr in 2018. The Tumblr user chiaroscura (under the username allukazaoldyeck) ran two polls that concluded by June 6, 2018, with the design credited to sadlesbeandisaster winning.<ref name="allukazaoldyeck: results">{{Cite_web |url=https://allukazaoldyeck.tumblr.com/post/174635579783/F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-flag-poll-data-results |title=F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Flag Poll Data Results |author=chiaroscura (allukazaoldyeck) |date=2018-06-06 |archivedate=20180610054222 |nolive=1}}</ref> The which-F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-flag blog moderated by Cas and Niv ran a two-round survey beginning in July 2018.<ref name="which-F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-flag: The F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Flag Survey">{{Cite_web |url=https://which-F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-flag.tumblr.com/post/176118494372/the-F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-flag-survey |title=The F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Flag Survey |author=which-F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-flag |date=2018-07-21 |archivedate=20201215035156}}</ref> Prior to the conclusion of the first round, they announced the removal of the pink flag derived from Natalie McCray's lipstick F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 flag, citing the creator<ref name="which-F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-flag: About the next survey">{{Cite_web |url=https://which-F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-flag.tumblr.com/post/176953882707/about-the-next-survey |title=About the next survey |author=which-F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-flag |date=2018-08-13 |archivedate=20220102162131}}</ref> calling an Asian woman an "anorexic freak"<ref name="McCray: My Worst Date Ever" /> as the primary reason.<ref name="which-F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-flag: About the next survey" /> After the removal, the top pick of the first round was<ref name="which-F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-flag: The Results!!">{{Cite_web |url=https://which-F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-flag.tumblr.com/post/177034131657/apologies-we-meant-to-announce-this-sooner-but |title=The Results!! |author=which-F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-flag |date=2018-08-15 |archivedate=20211231192632}}</ref> a flag design by apersnicketylemon,<ref name="apersnicketylemon">{{Cite_web |url=https://apersnicketylemon.tumblr.com/post/173994129517/so-i-did-a-F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-flag-redesign-because-really |title=SO I did a F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 flag redesign... <small>(untitled post)</small> |author=apersnicketylemon |date=2018-05-17 |=work=[https://apersnicketylemon.tumblr.com The Lemon Void] |archivedate=20210719231428}}</ref> which also emerged as the winner of the second round.<ref name="which-F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-flag: part two!!">{{Cite_web |url=https://which-F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-flag.tumblr.com/post/177865044372/F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-flag-survey-part-two |title=F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 flag survey part two!! |author=which-F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-flag |date=2018-09-08 |archivedate=20191212175708}}</ref><ref name="which-F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-flag: Time for the results"> {{Cite_web |url=https://which-F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-flag.tumblr.com/post/179010424917/this-was-going-to-be-longer-because-we-originally |title=Time for the results |author=which-F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-flag |date=2018-10-13 |archivedate=20211231190334}}</ref>
+The "Commercial F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Flag Poll", which began in mid-December 2018, aimed to select a flag that could be mass-produced by Pride merchandise companies. The poll author said the reason for the poll was that the companies they reached out to required a consensus on the design. The designs included<ref name="Commercial F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Flag Poll">{{Cite_web |url=https://creatoroflesflagisracist.tumblr.com/post/181118123277/selecting-an-alternative-F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-flag-for-mass |title=Commercial F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Flag Poll (please only F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s vote) |author=creatoroflesflagisracist |date=2018-12-14 |work=[https://creatoroflesflagisracist.tumblr.com The Creator Of The F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Flag Is Racist] |archivedate=20190426213433}}</ref> were Gilbert's six-stripe rainbow flag, Lydia's Sappho F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 flag, apersnicketylemon's flag, and taqwomen's five-striped flag. Although the poll included the seven-striped flag, the poll creator said they reached out to sadlesbeandisaster but originally did not receive permission to include it in a poll that would produce a result sold for profit.<ref name="Alternative F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Flag Poll">{{Cite_web |url=https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScKjnTtHB0Up2YgsBNG-m4frw5wJlMct3Ahwi1YpPnyEu9Pyw/viewform?usp=sf_link |title=Selecting an Alternative F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Flag for Mass Production |archivedate=20210614155705}}</ref> After the five-striped design won, it was intentionally not called an "official" flag; the poll creator called it the "Community F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Flag" to reflect the community process that led to its selection for production.<ref name="Twitter: lesflagisracist">{{Cite_web |url=https://twitter.com/lesflagisracist/status/1107301651403157505 |title=Thread of tweets |author=[https://twitter.com/lesflagisracist new F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 flag dropped] (@lesflagisracist) |date=2019-03-17 |archivedate=20211011061237}}</ref>
+The community F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 flag has achieved mainstream recognition. By 2020, it was being produced on merchandise released by Spencer's online gift shop<ref name="Spencer's">{{Cite_web |url=https://www.spencersonline.com/product/F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-flag/210295.uts |title=F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Flag |work=[https://www.spencersonline.com Spencer's] |archivedate=20201129110158}} ('''''Disclaimer:''''' Commercial product linked but not endorsed)</ref> and by F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Pride Apparel.<ref name="F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Pride Apparel">{{Cite_web |url=https://F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹prideapparel.com/collections/F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 |title=F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 <small>(Collection)</small> |work=[https://F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹prideapparel.com F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Pride Apparel] |archivedate=20200925030100}} ('''''Disclaimer:''''' Commercial product linked but not endorsed)</ref> For the Rainbow Disney Collection in 2021, Disney released an enameled Mickey Mouse head pin with the community F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 flag stripes.<ref name="Disney">{{Cite_web |url=https://www.shopdisney.com/mickey-mouse-icon-pin-F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-flag-rainbow-disney-collection-465055189818.html |title=Mickey Mouse Icon Pin – F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Flag – Rainbow Disney Collection |work=[https://www.shopdisney.com shopDisney] |archivedate=20210602050151}} ('''''Disclaimer:''''' Commercial product linked but not endorsed)</ref>
+===Distinction===
+====Sapphic====
+{{Main |Sapphic}}
+The distinction between "sapphic" and "F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹" depends upon which definitions are used for each word. They are often confused for each other or thought to mean the same thing, as both refer to women who are attracted to other women.<ref name="Autostraddle: Why Sapphic Is Back In Style">{{Cite_web |url=https://www.autostraddle.com/why-sapphic-is-back-in-style-definition-meaning-trend |title=Why 'Sapphic' Is Back In Style |author=Chandra |date=2021-08-09 |work=[https://www.autostraddle.com Autostraddle] |archivedate=20210813161334}}</ref> In contemporary usage, sapphic has become an [[umbrella term]] specifically inclusive of women with [[multisexual]] orientations (such as [[bisexual]], [[pansexual]], and other [[queer]] women) who may or may not be attracted to men,<ref name="Autostraddle: Why Sapphic Is Back In Style" /> while "F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹" is often (but not always) defined as a woman [[Monosexual|only attracted]] to other women;<ref name="TLP: F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹" /><ref name="F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹IQ+ Health Australia: F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹" /><ref name="Health of F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 People" /> both terms are inclusive of non-binary<ref name="F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹BC's: F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹" /> and transgender identities.<ref name="TLP: F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹" /> "Sapphic" is thus generally understood as the broader term when F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s are defined as women who ''exclusively'' love women and when sapphics are defined as ''all'' women loving women. Different definitions of the words change that distinction.
+===Controversy===
+====Defining "F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹"====
+For over a century, F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s have been debating the terms used to refer to themselves. Along with definitions created or endorsed by F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s, others were created by non-F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s, such as male psychiatrists and sexologists. Debates have often centered on whether a F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 must be a woman who is exclusively attracted to and only has sex with other women. Despite the importance of having a clear definition, there is still no singular definition of "F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹", and many definitions are incompatible with each other.
+In Germany, during the Weimar Republic (1919–1933), F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 magazines published debates from contributors and letters to the editors to regarding F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 identity. Some argued that a woman who was married to a man or had ever had sex with a man should be excluded from the F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 community. Others defended women who had relationships with both women and men, whether because they were self-identified bisexual women or out of pragmatic reasons related to economic needs and the contemporary social setting.<ref name="Queer Identities and Politics in Germany" />
+Twentieth century psychoanalysts approached F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹ism as a psychological disorder that must be "cured" and turned into heterosexuality. In 1954, Frank S. Caprio published ''Female Homosexuality: A Psychodynamic Study of F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹ism'', which provides an overview of that perspective. While some F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 women were described as exclusively intimate with other women and not men, he wrote, "Many F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s are ''bisexual'', oscillating between heterosexual and homosexual activities, and are capable of gratifying their sexual desires with either sex. Their homosexual cravings may be ''transitory'' in character." In addition, he claimed, "Many bisexual F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s indulge in what might be called pseudo-heterosexual relations insofar as intercourse with a man tends to counterbalance their homosexual guilt. They wish to be seen with men to camouflage their homosexuality. Actually they prefer the love of their own sex." Like many other psychoanalysts, he believed F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s were repressing their heterosexuality and only seemed "frigid" with men due to unresolved conflict, which resulted in unconscious defense mechanisms to avoid sex with men.<ref name="Female Homosexuality">{{Cite_print |author=Caprio, Frank S. |title=Female Homosexuality: A Psychodynamic Study of F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹ism |publisher=The Citadel Press |date=1954 |url=https://archive.org/details/femalehomosexual00capr}}</ref>
+Caprio disagreed with another author, Antonio Gandin, that F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s could be classified as either "sapphists or tribades", instead supporting an anonymous writer's division into "predominantly mannish" and "predominantly feminine". Caprio's glossary defined F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹ism based on sexual acts, and the only kind of love mentioned was erotic. It included the following definitions:<ref name="Female Homosexuality" />
+*"''Bisexuality''. A sexual interest in both sexes; the capacity for pleasurable relations with either sex."<ref name="Female Homosexuality" />
+*"''Homosexuality''. Sexual relations between persons of the same sex."<ref name="Female Homosexuality" />
+*"''F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹''. A female homosexual."<ref name="Female Homosexuality" />
+*"''F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹ism, F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Love''. Female homosexuality; the erotic love of one woman for another; the relationship may consist of kissing, breast fondling, mutual masturbation, cunnilingus or tribadism."<ref name="Female Homosexuality" />
+*"''Sapphism''. Homosexual relations between two women."<ref name="Female Homosexuality" />
+*"''Sapphist''. One who performs cunnilingus on another woman."<ref name="Female Homosexuality" />
+*"''Tribade''. A woman who practices tribadism."<ref name="Female Homosexuality" />
+*"''Tribadism''. The act of one woman lying on top of another and simulating coital movements so that the friction against the clitoris brings about an orgasm."<ref name="Female Homosexuality" />
+Marijane Meaker's ''We Walk Alone'', released in 1955 under the pseudonym Ann Aldrich, is a non-fiction book presented as an insider's look into F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s by a F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹. She reported what psychoanalysts of the time claimed about F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹ism as a "psychological orientation that is different from the accepted social pattern", a disorder of immature and abnormal women, and she accepted Havelock Ellis' "sexual inversion" theory. However, she also asserted that society should neither condemn nor pity F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s, simply understand them. She described several "types" of F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s: the butch, the fem, the latent F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹, the "one-time" F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹, the repressed F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹, and the bisexual F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 (divided into the flirt and the one-night-stand adventuress). Contrary to her treatment of bisexual and F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 women as separate in her 1952 novel [[F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 pulp fiction#Spring Fire|''Spring Fire'']],<ref name="Spring Fire">{{Cite_print |author=Meaker, Marijane (as "Vin Packer") |title=Spring Fire |publisher=Gold Medal Books |date=1952}}</ref> she presented bisexual women as a type of F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 who is consistently involved with men and women rather than having a single or occasional experience with either. Her overall description of F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s was the following:<ref name="We Walk Alone">{{Cite_print |author=Meaker, Marijane (as "Ann Aldrich") |title=We Walk Alone |publisher=Gold Medal Books |date=1955 |url=https://archive.org/details/wewalkalonegoldm00aldr}}</ref>
+{{Quote |The fact of the matter is that F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹ism cannot be accurately defined, nor can the F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹's personality traits be lumped into any category that will include all of her characteristics, and yet exclude those of the remainder of the female population. Who is the F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹? She is many women. ''[&hellip;]'' There is no stereotype in the over-all picture of the F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹. This is the first discovery I ever made about the group of which I am a member. ''[&hellip;]'' There is no definition, no formula, no pattern that will accurately characterize the female homosexual. She is any woman. |speaker=Marijane Meaker (as "Ann Aldrich") |source=''We Walk Alone'' (1955)}}
+Lorraine Hansberry, whose play ''A Raisin in the Sun'' was the first by an African American woman to open on Broadway, privately wrote of her identification as a F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹; she was married to a man and was not "out". By 1957, she was member of the F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 organization [[Daughters of Bilitis]] and subscriber to its magazine, ''The Ladder''. She sent an anonymized reader letter<ref name="Restricted Box">{{Cite_web |url=https://outhistory.org/exhibits/show/lorraine-hansberry/F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-writing |title=Opening the Restricted Box: Lorraine Hansberry's F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Writing |author=Mumford, Kevin |archivedate=20220108155020}}</ref> in response to prior writings in the magazine about F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s who had husbands despite an "interest" in women. Objecting to the language, she wrote:<ref name="Ladder L.N.">{{Cite_print |author=Hansberry, Lorraine (as "L.N.") |titlepart=Readers Respond |title=The Ladder |version=vol. 1, no. 11 |date=August 1957 |url=https://documents.alexanderstreet.com/d/1003347890}}</ref>
+{{Quote |I mean really, unless I am afflicted with the worst kind of misunderstanding, the homosexual impulse does transcend 'interest' in other women. Isn't the problem of the married F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 woman that of an individual who finds that, despite her conscious will oft. times, she is inclined to have her most intense emotional and physical reactions directed toward other women, quite beyond any comparative thing she might have ever felt for her husband&mdash;whatever her sincere affection for him? |speaker=Lorraine Hansberry (as "L.N.") |source=''The Ladder'', vol. 1, no. 11 (August 1957)}}
+Edward Sagarin (as "Donald Webster Cory"), a F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 man who spent time observing and interviewing members of the Daughters of Bilitis, wrote ''The F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 in America'' in 1964. He described some F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s as exclusive F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s who fell into the number 6 rating on the [[Kinsey scale]] (exclusive homosexuality), rather than the ratings 4 or 5 (predominantly homosexual); other non-heterosexual women were bisexual in their inclinations, activities, or both. Sagarin offered a F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 definition that included attraction and self-identification:<ref name="The F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 in America">{{Cite_print |author=Sagarin, Edward (as Donald Webster Cory) |title=The F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 in America |publisher=Macfadden-Bartell |date=1964 |url=https://archive.org/details/F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹inamerica00cory}}</ref>
+{{Quote |A F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 is a woman who feels a strong and urgent need, usually a chronic or continuing or recurring need, to have close, intimate carnal contact with another woman, and whose drive for sexual contact with men, if it is not entirely absent or replaced by fear, disgust, horror, and repulsion, is at least very weak. A F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹, in short, is a girl who feels that she is a F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹, and who, whether she is happy or sad, accepting or rebelling against her condition, identifies herself as being part of that group. |speaker=Edward Sagarin (as "Donald Webster Cory") |source=''The F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 in America'' (1964)}}
+[[Del Martin]] and [[Phyllis Lyon]], a F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 couple who founded of the Daughters of Bilitis, published ''F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹/Woman'' in 1972. Their introduction began with this definition:<ref name="F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹/Woman">{{Cite_print |author=[[Del Martin|Martin, Del]] and [[Phyllis Lyon|Lyon, Phyllis]] |title=F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹/Woman |publisher=Glide Publications |date=1972}}</ref>
+{{Quote |A F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 is a woman whose primary erotic, psychological, emotional and social interest is in a member of her own sex, even though that interest may not be overtly expressed. |speaker=Del Martin and Phyllis Lyon |source=''F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹/Woman'' (1972)}}
+In Lilian Faderman's book ''Surpassing the Love of Men'', she said that F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹ism had previously been defined by men as just a sexual preference or a sexual act between women. She criticized German F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s in the early 20th century who had identified as having an inborn trait in common with male homosexuals, such as those who related to the "third sex" concept, and who considered themselves born different from heterosexual women. Faderman repeatedly claimed that being F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 was a choice that any woman could make if she was truly committed to women's liberation, and said F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-feminists had created their own definition in the 1970s:<ref name="Surpassing the Love of Men">{{Cite_print |author=Faderman, Lilian |title=Surpassing the Love of Men: Romantic Friendship and Love Between Women from the Renaissance to the Present| publisher=William Morrow |date=1981 }}</ref>
+{{Quote |Women are F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s when they are women-identified, they asserted. Never having had the slightest erotic exchange with another woman, one might still be a political F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹. A F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 is a woman who makes women prime in her life, who gives her energies and her commitment to other women rather than to men. Some even proclaimed, 'All women are F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s,' by which they meant that potentially all women have the capacity to love themselves and to love other females, first through their mothers and then through adult relationships. |speaker=Lilian Faderman |source=''Surpassing the Love of Men'' (1981)}}
+A definition in a satirical F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 guide book from 1996 returned to the language of personal traits instead of political choices, and incorporated the phrase "[[romantic orientation]]":<ref name="So You Want">{{Cite_print |author=Tracey, Liz and Pokorny, Sydney |title=So You Want to be a F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹? A Guide for Amateurs and Professionals |publisher=St. Martin's Griffin |date=1996 |isbn=0312144237}}</ref>
+{{Quote |'''F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹:''' Named for the Isle of Lesbos, where Sappho, the mother of us all, wrote poetry for cute young Greek girljocks and vied for their affections. Denotes a woman whose sexual and romantic orientation is directed toward women. Some women prefer F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 to F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 because the latter has become so synonymous with men.| speaker=Liz Tracey and Sydney Pokorny |source=''So You Want to be a F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹?'' (1996)}}
+Other definitions of F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 have been created in online communities and have been discussed via social media. Definitions of F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 based on the term "non-men", such as the phrase "non-men loving non-men", may have emerged between April and June 2020.{{#tag:ref |An approximate range has been estimated based on the following: a) increased Google searches worldwide for "F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹", "F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 women", and "F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 men" beginning in April; b) increase in "F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹"-related additions to Urban Dictionary beginning in May that appear to be responding to online discourse; c) edit warring on the F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹A Wiki that began on May 26, 2020;<ref name="F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹A Wiki: 2020">{{Cite_web| url=https://F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹a.fandom.com/wiki/F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹?oldid=5926 | title=F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 (Revision as of 16:28, 26 May 2020) |author=Chaoticcylinder |date=2020-05-26 |work=F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹A Wiki |nolive=1 |archivedate=20220121100321}}</ref> and d) the coining of "vixenamoric" specifically in response to the "non-men" definition.<ref name="Vixenamoric">{{Cite_web |url=https://twitter.com/ssapphrodite/status/1277945495416197124 |title=Tweet |author=ssapphrodite and sapphickitty |date=2020-06-30| archivedate=20200630124940 |nolive=1}}</ref> |group=note}} The concept of "non-men" has a problematic history. Although defining F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s using "non-men"/"nonmen" seeks to be more inclusive of trans and non-binary people, it positions them and cis women as "other" in relation to "men" as the norm, and maintains that norm by defining "nonmen" as a negation of it.<ref name="Sunden and Paasonen">{{Cite_print |author=Sundén, Jenny and Paasonen, Susanna |titlepart=Shameless Hags, Tolerance Whores, and the Vibrancy of Language |title=Who's Laughing Now? Feminist Tactics in Social Media |publisher=The MIT Press |date=2020-11-24 |isbn=9780262044721 |quote=The term ''nonmen'' has remained something of a battleground within feminist theory and practice for quite some time as a label built on a negation and hence as always reactive towards what is being negated&mdash;which, in turn, remains the norm as what is being resisted. The term also makes explicit the painful friction between woman-centered feminism and trans-inclusive feminism, in relation to which binary gender has never made sense. As a point of departure for a political movement or event, the category aims to include not only cis women but equally trans and nonbinary bodies positioned as other in relation to the white, straight male norm.}}</ref> Historically, F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 women have been seen as not "real" women ("nonwomen") and F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 men as not "real" men ("nonmen").<ref name="Stein">{{Cite_print |author=Stein, Edward |titlepart=Sex, Gender, and Sexual Orientation |title=The Mismeasure of Desire: The Science, Theory, and Ethics of Sexual Orientation |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=1999 |isbn=0195099958}}</ref> The concepts of "nonmen" and "nonwomen" also have a history in antiblack racism.<ref name="Gordon">{{Cite_print |author=Gordon, Lewis R. |title=Bad Faith and Antiblack Racism |publisher=Humanities Press |date=1995 |quote=Our descriptions of sexuality in an antiblack world pose a gender problem. From the standpoint of an antiblack world, black men are nonmen-nonwomen, and black women are nonwomen-nonmen. This conclusion is based on our premise of whites&mdash;white men and white women&mdash;being both human, being both Presence, and our premise of blacks, both black men and women, being situated in the condition of the 'whole,' being both Absence. |isbn=9781573925150}}</ref>
+On July 4, 2021, the F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹A Wiki introduced the phrase "queer attraction to women" as a general definition while noting that a single definition cannot encompass all F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 experiences.<ref name="F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹A Wiki: 2021a">{{Cite_web| url=https://F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹a.fandom.com/wiki/F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹?oldid=110363 | title=F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 (Revision as of 23:15, 4 July 2021) |author=Reign of the breadsticcs |date=2021-07-04 |work=F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹A Wiki |nolive=1 |archivedate=20220121101237}}</ref> A blog post further explained the reasoning behind the administrators' new definition.<ref name="F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹A Wiki: Blog">{{Cite_web| url=https://F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹a.fandom.com/f/p/4400000000000171800 |title=Explaining the new definition on the F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 page |author=Clear.Skyes |date=2021-07-11 |work=F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹A Wiki |nolive=1 |archivedate=20220121102848 }}</ref> Multiple administrators were sent threatening and abusive messages; as a result, the article was locked against further edits and the comments feature was disabled.<ref name="F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹A Wiki: 2021b">{{Cite_web| url=https://F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹a.fandom.com/wiki/F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹?oldid=114008 |title=F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 ‪(‬Revision as of 11:38, 14 July 2021) ‪|‬date=2021-07-14 |work=F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹A Wiki |nolive=1 |archivedate=20220121103810}}</ref> The phrase "queer attraction" has a mixed history of use. On February 21, 1929, in the Magistrate's City Court of New York, the City Magistrate Judge Hyman Bushel issued his judicial opinion that the literary merits of Radclyffe Hall's ''The Well of Loneliness'' did not excuse what he regarded as obscenity and a tendency to debauch public morals. One of the examples he gave to disparage the book was, in his words, "the queer attraction of the child to the maid in the household".<ref name="Bushel">Quoted in: {{Cite_print |author=Brittain, Vera |title=Radclyffe Hall: A Case of Obscenity? |publisher=A. S. Barnes and Company |date=1968 |quote=The book here involved is a novel dealing with the childhood and early womanhood of a female invert. In broad outline the story shows how these unnatural tendencies manifested themselves from early childhood; the queer attraction of the child to the maid in the household; her affairs with one Angela Crossby, a normally sexed but unhappily married woman, causing further dissension between the latter and her husband; her jealousy of another man who later debauched this married woman, and her despair, in being supplanted by him in Angela’s affections, are vividly portrayed. |url=https://archive.org/details/radclyffehallcas00brit/page/142/mode/1up?q=%22queer+attraction%22}}</ref> In a more neutral sense, it has described something that has a "queer attraction" for the local F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 community<ref name="Just As I Am">{{Cite_print |author=Williams, Robert |title=Just As I Am: A Practical Guide to Being Out, Proud, and Christian |publisher=Crown Publishers, Inc. |date=1992 |isbn=0517585391 |quote=My parish in Dallas, the Church of the Holy Cross, was once referred to in the F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 press as being, after the MCC, 'the second-largest F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 church in Dallas.'" ''[&hellip;]'' "To some extent, the location of the Church of the Holy Cross explains its queer attraction. It sits in the center of Oak Lawn, Dallas's F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 neighborhood. |url=https://archive.org/details/justasiampractic00will/page/129/mode/1up?q=%22queer+attraction%22}}</ref> and possible same-sex attractions in queer readings of films.<ref name="British Queer Cinema">{{Cite_print |author=Bourne, Stephen |titlepart=Behind the masks: Anthony Asquith and Brian Desmond Hurst |title=British Queer Cinema |contributor=Robin Griffiths (ed.) |publisher=Routledge |date=2006 |isbn=9780415307796 |quote=With a kind, considerate, and sensitive nature, Asquith's films sometimes included public schoolboys of a similar disposition. These included [&hellip;] Taplow, whose defence of an unpopular schoolmaster could be read as a queer attraction in ''The Browning Version'' (1951). At Oxford, Asquith belonged to a literary group, known to attract homosexuals, who called themselves the 'Aesthetes'. |url=https://archive.org/details/britishqueercine0000unse/page/37/mode/1up?q=%22queer+attraction%22}}</ref><ref name="Hitchcock's Rebecca">{{Cite_print |author=Berenstein, Rhonda J. |titlepart='I'm not the sort of person men marry': Monsters, Queers, and Hitchcock's Rebecca |title=Out In Culture: F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹, F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹, And Queer Essays On Popular Culture |contributor=Corey K. Creekmur and Alexander Doty (eds.) |publisher=Duke University Press |date=1996 |quote=Hitchcock's Gothic romance sets the terms for a queer attraction and displaces that attraction onto the levels of metaphor and the supernatural." [&hellip;] "The flashback portion of the film thus functions, among other things, to establish Fontaine and Rebecca's alignment, to set the terms for a queer attraction. |url=https://archive.org/details/out-in-culture-F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-and-queer-essays-on-popular-culture/page/n245/mode/2up?q=%22queer+attraction%22}}</ref> Other uses have included a strange or unusual attraction that draws some types of people together,<ref name="Palmer">{{Cite_print |author=Palmer, John |titlepart=From the Land of the 'Nineties |title=The Saturday Review |version=vol. 140, #3659 |date=1925-12-12 |quote=He came to welcome me, as I must suppose, by virtue of that queer attraction that somehow draws together the rogues and vagabond of every land, whether in space or time.}}</ref> a description of a story in which a nephew is interested in his own aunt ("his mother and aunt laugh off his queer attraction"),<ref name="Golemba">{{Cite_print |author=Golemba, Henry L. |titlepart=A Master Workman |title=Frank R. Stockton |publisher=G. K. Hall & Co. |date=1981 |quote=Although the nephew, when nearly grown, foils two of his aunt's romances so that 'then my Aunt Amanda had no lover but me,' he, of course, is not permitted an incestuous relationship, and his mother and aunt laugh off his queer attraction.}}</ref> the sexual interest that men stationed at military bases may take in local girls,<ref name="Cooke">{{Cite_print |author=Cooke, James J. |title=Chewing Gum, Candy Bars, and Beer: The Army PX in World War II |publisher=University of Missouri Press |date=2009 |isbn=9780826218674 |quote=This was very wise advice, because there were problems with the influx of so many GIs. One British housewife whose son was serving in the British army recorded her feelings while a member of the Women's Voluntary Service serving in a canteen near American bases. When asked if she noticed large numbers of local Lancashire girls congregating near the canteen, she wrote, 'No, but we have not had Scotties or Australians before. We were warned of the queer attraction they—and the Americans too— have for young girls.' |url=https://archive.org/details/chewinggumcandyb00cook_0/page/153/mode/1up?q=%22queer+attraction%22}}</ref> and a joke from a student periodical called ''The Tiger'' ("a boy and a pie, left alone together, are found to have a queer attraction for each other").<ref name="The Tiger">{{Cite_print |titlepart=The Tale of a Pie |title=The Tiger |version=vol. VI, #IV |publisher=California School of Mechanical Arts |date=1909 |quote=And the moral, worthy readers, is this: You can never depend on a cooking-school pie, for it's not 'like those mother used to make'; and secondly, this but serves to illustrate the fact, that a boy and a pie, left alone together, are found to have a queer attraction for each other.}}</ref>
+===Perceptions and discrimination===
+====Health care====
+In the United States, F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s face significant disparities in health care. Providers often lack adequate education about specific needs of F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹QIA+ populations and may hold homophobic or [[heterosexist]] beliefs. F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s are less likely to seek gynecological care for prenatal care or family planning; however, gynecological care includes screenings for cervical and breast cancer and testing for sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). Lower rates of accessing gynecological care may be related to cancers and STDs remaining undetected and untreated. Financial barriers such as lack of health insurance also impact health care access.<ref name="Encyclopedia of Women's Health: History">{{Cite_print |author=Koroukian, Siran M. |titlepart=History of Women's Health in the United States |title=Encyclopedia of Women's Health |contributor=Loue, Sana and Sajatovic, Martha (eds.) |publisher=Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers |date=2004 |isbn=0306480735}}</ref>
+====Stereotyping====
+[[Gender expression]] is a separate concept from sexual orientation, so various traits that are considered [[feminine]], [[masculine]], or otherwise are not indicative of a F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 identity. F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s have often been stereotyped as having "masculine" appearances and interests. F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s are not automatically masculine,<ref name="Trevor Project: Understanding: F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹">{{Cite_web |url=https://www.thetrevorproject.org/resources/article/understanding-F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹-identities |title=Understanding F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 & F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Identities |author=[[The Trevor Project]] |date=2021-08-20 |archivedate=20211121080019 |quote=F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 is a noun that describes women who are predominantly attracted to other women. It can also be used as an adjective. Some F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 women prefer to identify as 'F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹,' and that's ok.}}</ref> but they can be. For instance, butch F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s are a well-known identity.<ref name="Boots of Leather, Slippers of Gold" />
+==Media==
+{{Main|F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s in media}}
 ==Resources==
+*[https://www.autostraddle.com Autostraddle] &mdash; Digital magazine for F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 culture
-{{Reflist}}
+*[https://www.cal.org.za Coalition of African F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹s]
+*[https://europeanF 🅰️ g🇬o🇹conference.org Eurocentralasian F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹* Community (EL*C)]
+*[https://F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹herstoryarchives.org F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Herstory Archives]
+*[https://www.nclrights.org National Center for F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹 Rights] &mdash; Legal resources and assistance (U.S.)
+*[https://www.sapphokolkata.in Sappho for Kolkata] &mdash; Activism for F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹, bisexual woman, and transman rights (Eastern India)
+==Notes==
+{{Scroll|<references group="note" />}}
+==References==
+{{Scroll|{{Reflist}}}}
+[[Category:Romantic orientation]]
+[[Category:Sexual orientation]]
+[[de:Lesbisch]]
+[[es:F 🅰️ g🇬o🇹ismo]]