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{{Infobox |
{{Infobox |
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| − | | image = |
+ | | image = Polyamory.png |
| − | | caption = |
+ | | caption = |
| + | | altname = Poly, Polyam, Polyamory<br />Ethical Non-Monogomy<ref name="BBCENM">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20210326-ethical-non-monogamy-the-rise-of-multi-partner-relationships|title=Ethical non-monogamy: the rise of multi-partner relationships|author=Klein, Jessica|publisher=BBC|date=2021-03-26}}</ref> |
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| − | | altname = |
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| − | | term = |
+ | | term = *Identity term |
| + | *Relationship type |
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| − | | spectrum = |
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+ | | spectrum = Consensual non-monogamous |
| attracted = |
| attracted = |
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| attractedtype = |
| attractedtype = |
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| romance = |
| romance = |
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+ | | sexuality = |
| + | | different = *Polygamous |
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| − | *[[Transgender]] |
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| − | *[[ |
+ | *[[Polyromantic]] |
| − | *[[ |
+ | *[[Polysexual]] |
| − | *[[ |
+ | *[[Polygender]] |
| − | *[[Androgyne]] |
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| − | *Unisex |
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}} |
}} |
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| + | A '''polyamorous''' relationship is one in which one or more of the participants are involved romantically or sexually with more than one individual at a time.<ref name="Greatest">{{Cite web|url=https://greatist.com/connect/polyamorous|title=Greatest Guide to Polyamory: Myth vs Fact|author=Bass, Lianna|publisher=Greatest|date=2021-12-22}}</ref> Each person involved in the relationship consents to the situation and is aware of the non-monogamous nature.<ref name="SDRP">{{Cite web|url=https://www.sdrelationshipplace.com/types-of-polyamorous-relationships/|title=Types of Polyamorous Relationships|author=Geldean, Amy|publisher=The Relationship Place|date=2021-07-19}}</ref> The concept of polyamory as a [[queer]] identity is controversial on the basis of polyamory alone rather than other aspects of identity, such as [[sexual orientation]]. Being polyamorous is not specific to [[LGBTQIA+]] people; [[cisgender]] and [[heterosexual]] people can be polyamorous, and LGBTQIA+ people are not necessarily polyamorous.<ref name="A-Z">{{Cite_print |author=Hole, Morgan Lev Edward |title=The A-Z of Gender and Sexuality: From Ace to Ze |publisher=Jessica Kingsley Publishers |date=2019 |isbn=9781784506636}}</ref> |
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| − | '''Intersex''' is an [[umbrella term]] for people who are born with or develop sex characteristics that differ from the [[Gender binary|binary]] notions of a "male" or "female" body. These differences are called variations, and may involve one's hormones, chromosomes, external and internal reproductive organs, or secondary sex characteristics. An individual's intersex traits may include variations in one or multiple of the aforementioned types. These differences can be noticed at birth or later in life.<ref name="Interact">{{Cite_web |url=https://interactadvocates.org/faq| title=FAQ: What is intersex?| author=interACT}}</ref><ref name="UNFE">{{Cite_web |url=https://www.unfe.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/UNFE-Intersex.pdf |title=United Nations FACT SHEET Intersex |author=United Nations for LGBT Equality |format=PDF}}</ref> |
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==Etymology== |
==Etymology== |
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| + | 'Poly' comes from the Greek word meaning "many", and "amory" comes from the Latin word meaning "love". The combination of Greek and Latin roots, which is against traditional language rules, emphasizes how polyamory relationships go against typical romantic and sexual norms. Morning Glory Zell Ravenheart, who was a member of Oberon Zell's Church of All Worlds, coined the word "polyamory" in print in the late 1980s.<ref name="Polyam">{{Cite print|title=Polyamory in the 21st Century: Love and Intimacy with Multiple Partners|author=Anapol, Deborah|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|date=2010|isbn=9781442200234}}</ref> |
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| − | The term "intersex" is comprised of "inter-", meaning "between", and "-sex". The term was coined in 1917 by geneticist Richard Goldschmidt,<ref> |
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| − | {{Cite_print |titlepart=Vorläufige Mitteilung über weitere Versuche zur Vererbung und Bestimmung des Geschlechts. |title=Biologisches Centralblatt |author=Goldschmidt, Richard |language=German |url=https://archive.org/details/biologischeszent35rose/page/564/mode/2up?view=theater}}</ref> but it did not gain popularity until used by biologist Anne Fausto-Sterling in 1993.<ref name="fausto">{{Cite_web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/239657377_The_Five_Sexes_Why_Male_and_Female_are_not_Enough |title=The Five Sexes: Why Male and Female are not Enough |author=Fausto-Sterling, Anne |partialdate=January 1993}}</ref> |
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==Community== |
==Community== |
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| + | The first symbol for the polyamory community was the poly parrot, created by Ray Dillinger in 1997, which was the familiar logo for the alt.polyamory Usenet group. He called the image the "Parrot Club Mascot" and said he created the image specifically for use on polyamory sites.<ref name"Hevanet">{{Cite web|url=http://www.hevanet.com/alexwest/parrots/symbolist.html|title=A List of Poly Symbols}}</ref> The infinity heart as a symbol for polyamory arose in the mid-1990s and was first created by Brian Crabtree. As new versions appeared throughout the 2000s and 2010s, the popularity of the poly parrot faded out.<ref name="PITM">{{Cite web|url=https://polyinthemedia.blogspot.com/2019/10/a-new-polyam-flag-that-fits.html|title=The polyamory flag is a grim, confusing failure. Let's do better.}}</ref><ref name="HU">{{Cite web|url=https://heckinunicorn.com/blogs/heckin-unicorn-blog/what-is-the-polyamory-pride-flag-and-what-does-it-mean?currency=USD|title=What is the Polyamory pride flag and what does it mean?}}</ref> |
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| − | | quote = The word intersex also invokes a community. Intersex people are diverse, coming from all socioeconomic backgrounds, races, ethnicities, genders and orientations, faiths, and political ideologies. We are united by<br/>1. our experiences living with variations in our sex traits,<br/>2. the belief that these differences are a natural part of human diversity,<br/>3. the idea that people deserve their own choices about their own bodies. |
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| − | | source = [https://interactadvocates.org/faq/ interACT. FAQ: What is intersex?] |
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| − | According to the ISNA it is estimated that as many as 1.7% of individuals are born with intersex traits; however, cases of intersex people can be unreported or undiagnosed. Additionally, many people may be unaware of their intersex traits unless they receive genetic testing. Intersex people are not as uncommon as once believed; they have just been invisible until recent years.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Frequency|author=ISNA|url=https://isna.org/faq/frequency/}}</ref><ref name="InterAct">{{Cite web|title=Intersex 101: Everything You Want to Know!|author=InterAct|url=https://live-interact-advocates.pantheonsite.io/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/INTERSEX101.pdf}}</ref> Intersex individuals may have any [[gender identity]] or [[gender expression]].<ref name="campaign">{{Cite_web |url=https://www.intersexequality.com/intersex |title=Who is intersex? |author=Intersex Campaign for Equality}}</ref> |
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| + | ===History=== |
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| − | Some examples of variations are:<ref name="Interact" /> |
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| − | *[[wikipedia:Androgen insensitivity syndrome|Complete or partial androgen insensitivity]] |
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| − | *[[wikipedia:Congenital adrenal hyperplasia|Congenital adrenal hyperplasia]] |
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| − | *[[wikipedia:Hypospadias|Hypospadias]] |
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| − | *[[wikipedia:Klinefelter syndrome|Klinefelter syndrome]] |
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| − | *[[wikipedia:XY gonadal dysgenesis|XY gonadal dysgenesis]] |
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| − | After years of activist efforts, members of the hijra community in India gained legal recognition in 2014 as part of a [[third gender]] category. Aspects of the hijra identity can include wearing clothing and cosmetics that are considered [[feminine]]. Some intersex people are part of the hijra community.<ref name="Sapiens">{{Cite_web |url=https://www.sapiens.org/biology/hijra-india-third-gender/ |title=India's Third Gender Rises Again}}</ref> |
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| + | The roots for modern-day polyamory can be traced all the way back to the 1840s. From the 1840s to the 1870s, Oneida Community, a Christian commune in upstate New York, practiced what was referred to as 'complex marriage'.<ref name="Slate">{{Cite web|url=https://slate.com/human-interest/2012/03/polyamory-and-its-surprisingly-woman-friendly-roots.html|title=The surprisingly woman-friendly roots of modern polyamory|author=Libby Copeland}}</ref> In this practice, everyone in the community was considered married to each other, and abandoning traditional marriage was seen as the way to avoid sin. Although the community had its shortcomings, Oneida was so far ahead of its time that it has continued to be a model for polyamorous innovators today.<ref name="Polyam" /> |
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| − | ==== |
+ | ====1960s and 1970s==== |
| + | In the 1960s and 1970s, a second wave of polyamory occurred among hippies in what is known as the 'free love movement'. In this time, fringe groups around the country experimented with non-monogamy in what was termed 'group marriage'.<ref name="Slate" /> |
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| − | Intersex people often are forced and coerced into undergoing surgery or hormone replacement due to binarist views of gender and sex. The surgeries are known as intersex genital mutilation (IGM), intersex surgeries, or normalization surgeries. These surgeries often happen to children below 2 years old. However, they also happen to older children, teens, and adults. These surgeries include ones which alter genitals that do not need surgery to function or removing organs that produce sex hormones.<ref name="Interact" /> Health professionals may describe these surgeries to parents and patients as an emergency or necessity; many parents and patients are never fully informed on the negative health effects or given resources and insight from intersex people.<ref name="Interact" /><ref name="rethinking" /> The United Nations has stated nonconsensual and unnecessary surgeries for intersex people are human rights violations.<ref>{{Cite_web |url=https://www.bmeia.gv.at/oev-genf/speeches/alle/2021/10/united-nations-human-rights-council-48th-session-joint-statement-on-the-human-rights-of-intersex-persons |title=Joint Statement on the Human Rights of Intersex Persons |author=United Nations Human Rights Council, 48th session}}</ref> They often cause reduced sexual function, reduced fertility, worse emotional well-being, and other complications.<ref name="Interact" /> One study estimates that 8.5-20% intersex people may experience [[gender dysphoria]] in regard to their assigned gender<ref>[https://www.nature.com/articles/nrurol.2012.182 Gender dysphoria associated with disorders of sex development]</ref> and that these actions can cause mental suffering.<ref name="UNFE" /> Due to this and the prevalence of nonconsensual medical intervention, the fight for the bodily autonomy of intersex people is a main objective of intersex organizations and activists.<ref>[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0968808016300179 The human rights of intersex people: addressing harmful practices and rhetoric of change]</ref><ref>[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11673-018-9855-8 The "Normalization" of Intersex Bodies and "Othering" of Intersex Identities in Australia]</ref> |
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| + | At the same time as these intentional communities came to exist, support groups and publications positively portraying polyamorous relationships began to crop up. Some of these were short-lived, and others lasted long enough to have an impact on the form of modern polyamory. One, inspired by Heinlein’s Stranger In a Strange Land, was Oberon Zell’s Church of All Worlds. A member of this group, Morning Glory Zell Ravenheart, coined the word polyamory in print for the first time in the late 1980s.<ref name="Polyam" /> |
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| − | Some intersex people use the terms CAFAB/CAMAB – Coercively Assigned Female at Birth/Coercively Assigned Male at Birth<ref name="Word of the Week">{{Cite_web |url=https://www.glbtrt.ala.org/news/archives/2845 |title=Word of the Week: AFAB/AMAB, Variations}}</ref> due to being subjected to nonconsensual, unnecessary surgery. However, the terms are not exclusively used in this manner. A variety of experiences and relationships with assigned gender exists within these labels. The terminology is used by trans and cis intersex people alike.<ref name="Interact" /> |
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| + | ====1990s==== |
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| − | In the second half of the 19th Century, surgeons in North America started offering cosmetic surgeries of genitals for those that did not meet the stereotypical "norm." However, most of these surgeries were performed on adults at their request. In the 1950s, Johns Hopkins University instead began a practice of performing pediatric surgeries on intersex children without consent. The practice was developed by psychologist John Money, who ignored evidence he collected in 1953 that showed intersex adults had relatively low rates of psychopathology. He decided intersex children would best develop into what he defined as "normal" through surgically imposing a "male" or "female" body in early childhood, hormone treatments, and raising them based on their coercive assignment. Surgeons "corrected" intersex children's bodies by surgically altering their genitals into either stereotypically male or female. Because surgeons considered it more difficult to perform operations that made a child "male," most intersex children were forcibly assigned female through the procedures. The children could not give consent, and their parents often were not consulted.<ref name="isna">{{Cite_web |url=https://isna.org/faq/history |title=What's the history behind the intersex rights movement? |author=ISNA}}</ref> |
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| + | During the 1990s, the Internet sparked a third wave of polyamory, after AIDS had driven it underground during the 1980s. A Usenet newsgroup called alt.polyamory helped build a community.<ref name="Slate" /> |
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| − | Money based his theory about intersex children based on the infamous "John/Joan case" involving David Reimer, who was assigned male at birth in 1965 and was not intersex. When Reimer was eight months old, his genitals were damaged by a circumcision. Johns Hopkins University staff and Reimer's parents concluded that it would be easiest to raise their child as female. Money declared it had worked, as he believed Reimer developed into a "normal" girl and later woman. However, Reimer's parents told him the truth many years later, saying that David Reimer had never felt fully female.<ref name="isna" /> |
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| − | Until late 20th century, being intersex still meant being forcefully assigned to male or female and not being fully recognized in North America and Europe. "Normalization surgery" for intersex children was standard practice. In 1993, biologist Anne Fausto-Sterling published articles in The Sciences and The New York Times and stated that intersex people exist.<ref name="fausto" /> Scientists and authors such as historian and bioethicist Alice Dreger, social psychologist Suzanne Kessler, and aforementioned Anne Fausto-Sterling started publishing more works on the topic. Organizations such as [https://isna.org/ ISNA] and [https://interactadvocates.org interACT] were founded in the 1990s and 2000s.<ref name="isna" /> |
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| − | ====Medical advocacy==== |
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| − | The era of thorough medical research of intersexuality and advocacy for intersex people began in 1993. More healthcare professionals started recognizing modern data and adjusted their standards to help intersex patients.<ref name="isna" /> However, it took a decade more to start banning the harmful practice of "intersex surgery" on children. Malta became the first country to ban non-consensual "normalization" surgery on minors in 2015.<ref>[http://justiceservices.gov.mt/DownloadDocument.aspx?app=lom&itemid=12312&l=1 Gender Identity, Gender Expression And Sex Characteristics Act]</ref> Chile passed legislation banning it in 2017.<ref>[https://brujulaintersexual.files.wordpress.com/2017/06/circular-7-laura-y-hana11.pdf Circular 7 de 2016: UN PASO ATRÁS EN LA LUCHA POR LOS DERECHOS HUMANOS DE LAS PERSONAS INTERSEXUALES EN CHILE.]</ref> California became the first US state to condemn nonconsensual surgeries on intersex children in 2018.<ref>[https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180SCR110 Senate Concurrent Resolution No. 110]</ref> |
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| − | In 2019, more than 50 intersex advocate organizations signed a joint statement in multiple languages that condemns the introduction of "disorders of sex development" language into the 11th Revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11). In the statement, organizations state that in some cases, the guidelines associated with ICD-11 codes require unnecessary surgeries or other procedures that are not lifesaving, often performed on children without their consent and are grounded in gender stereotypes. The intersex advocate organizations called on the World Health Organization to reform their approach.<ref>[https://ihra.org.au/35299/joint-statement-icd-11/ Joint statement on the International Classification of Diseases 11]</ref> |
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===Flag=== |
===Flag=== |
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| + | The original polyamorous flag was created by Jim Evans in 1995.<ref name="HU" /> He made it in Microsoft Paint using websafe colors.<ref name="MMT">{{Cite web|url=https://www.mollymakesthings.com/post/new-polyamory-pride-flag|title=New Polyamory Pride Flag|author=Molly W.}}</ref> This flag displays stripes of blue to represent openness and honesty, red to represent love and passion, and black to show solidarity with those who must hide their polyamorous relationships from the outside world.<ref name="Rare">{{Cite web|url=https://rare.us/rare-life/polyamory-flag/|title=Polyamory: What Is It and Why Does the Flag Have the Pi Symbol on It?|author=Lauren Pineda}}</ref> |
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| − | The intersex flag was created by Morgan Carpenter from Intersex Human Rights Australia (IHRA, previously Organisation Intersex International Australia or OII Australia) in July 2013. The organization aimed to create a symbol that was unique--one that did not derive from existing flags, and one without pink and blue (which tend to be perceived as gendered). In Carpenter's words, the circle was chosen because it "is unbroken and unornamented, symbolising wholeness and completeness, and our potentialities. We are still fighting for bodily autonomy and genital integrity, and this symbolises the right to be who and how we want to be."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://oii.org.au/22773/an-intersex-flag/|author=Morgan Carpenter|title=An intersex flag|date=2013-04-05|archivedate=20220311001548}}</ref> |
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| − | An older version of the intersex flag was created by Natalie Phox on 11 August 2010, and posted to Wikimedia. The blue and pink gradient in the middle represents "the range of sexes between male and female", while the lavender color on the top and bottom of the flag represents "a combination of male and female traits". The flag was erroneously posted as a [[bigender]] flag, but the author clarified later on that they meant bigender as in "mixed sex characteristics, not gender", which is closer to the definition of intersex.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://majesticmess.com/encyclopedia/intersex-flag-natalie-phox/|title=Intersex Flag, Natalie Phox|archivedate=20211203100359}}</ref> Unfortunately due to being mistakenly labeled as a "bigender" design, this flag was also used as a bigender flag for some time.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://actuallyintersex.tumblr.com/post/91023535624/ok-im-getting-tired-of-explaining-this|title=ok, I’m getting tired of explaining this…|date=2014-07-07|archivedate=20181220000553}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deviantart.com/pride-flags/art/Intersex-1-543925713|title=Intersex (1)|date=2015-07-04|archivedate=20210301231634}}</ref> |
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| + | There have been many interpretations for what the pi symbol represents. Some people think the pi symbol represents polyamorous people having “infinite love", as pi has infinite decimal places.<ref name="Rare" /> Others say the pi symbol references how “polyamory” also starts with “p”.<ref name="HU" /> It is also possible it was chosen in part because it was one of the few symbols available to Evans in Microsoft Paint.<ref name="MMT" /> However, its gold color is widely accepted to represent the value that we place on the emotional attachment to others, be the relationship friendly or romantic in nature, as opposed to merely primarily physical relationships.<ref name="PITM" /><ref name="HU" /> |
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| − | Overall, the flag created by Morgan Carpenter has seen more recognition and use than the design by Natalie Phox. For example, the Carpenter design was used in combination with the pride progress flag to create an intersex-inclusive version of the progress flag. This design was first published on June 6, 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.them.us/story/progress-pride-flag-intersex-inclusive-makeover|title=The Progress Pride Flag Is Getting an Intersex-Inclusive Makeover|author=Shar Jossell|date=2021-06-08|archivedate=20220325155231}}</ref> |
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| + | As time went on and it peaked in the summer of 2020, the flag was recognized by many in the community as undesirable.<ref name="TF">{{Cite web|url=https://theflager.com/polyamorous-flag/|title=Polyamorous Flag}}</ref> People wanted to move away from the garish colors of the original and use symbology that was easier to comprehend.<ref name="MMT" /> Of all the alternatives proposed, the most common was made by Molly W. |
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| − | From a medical perspective, the growing consensus among health care professionals is that intersex characteristics are part of natural human diversity.<ref>[https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-1-4615-0621-8 Pediatric Gender Assignment: A Critical Reappraisal.]</ref><ref>[https://isna.org/pdf/Frader2004.pdf Health Care Professionals and Intersex Conditions]</ref><ref>[https://rd.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs00431-009-1086-x.pdf Ethical principles and recommendations for the medical management of differences of sex development (DSD)/intersex in children and adolescents]</ref><ref>{{Cite_web |url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapediatrics/article-abstract/518550 |title=Management of Intersexuality: Guidelines for Dealing With Persons With Ambiguous Genitalia |author=Diamond, Milton and Sigmundson, H. Keith |partialdate=October 1997}}</ref> However, intersex people still face discrimination and misunderstanding in healthcare, often due to healthcare professionals failing to update their knowledge and causing harm regardless of their intentions.<ref name="rethinking">[https://www.palmcenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Re-Thinking-Genital-Surgeries.pdf Re-Thinking Genital Surgeries on Intersex Infants]</ref> |
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| + | | quote = The flag is comprised of four stripes, all of equal height. The colors of this flag include lime green for growth, kelly green for balance, sky blue representing freedom, and royal blue for trust. The infinity heart represents the concept of infinite love. The infinity heart in this flag touches every other color on the flag, unifying the concepts that the colors represent. The infinity heart is white, for two reasons. First, not many colors looked good against the other colors I selected, and I wanted something that was easy on the eyes. Second, in the Red/Green/Blue (RGB) color spectrum, white is the color you get when red, green, and blue are combined, and thus represents the combination of all the colors. Philosophically, that made sense to me when viewed through the lens of polyamory: it represents many uniting to create something new and different. |
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| + | | source = [https://www.mollymakesthings.com/post/new-polyamory-pride-flag New Polyamory Pride Flag] |
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===Controversy=== |
===Controversy=== |
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| + | Although polyamory challenges social [[norm]]s related to monogamy, polyamorous relationships do not necessarily challenge other sexual or gender norms. A cisgender straight man in relationships with multiple women upholds patriarchal and cisheteronormative beliefs that it is "natural" for men to want multiple sexual partners and for those partners to be women. Polyamory does not necessarily include relationships between people of the same gender. It thus is not generally viewed as a societally oppressed group identity or a marginalized identity comparable to being LGBTQIA+.<ref name="A-Z">{{Cite_print |author=Hole, Morgan Lev Edward |title=The A-Z of Gender and Sexuality: From Ace to Ze |publisher=Jessica Kingsley Publishers |date=2019 |isbn=9781784506636}}</ref> |
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| − | {{Warning|title=Trigger warning|text=This section uses a word that is now recognized as a slur against intersex people in order to describe its historic usage. Reader discretion is advised or skip to [[Intersex#Media|the next section]].}} |
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| − | Modern scientific understandings of intersex traits have proven that none of the forms of hermaphroditism found in other species apply to humans.<ref name="Is a person who is">{{Cite_web|url=https://isna.org/faq/hermaphrodite/|title=Is a person who is intersex a hermaphrodite?|archivedate=20220125051110}}</ref> While many animal species are described scientifically as "hermaphrodites",<ref name="UH">{{Cite web |url=http://www.hawaii.edu/PCSS/biblio/articles/2010to2014/2010-intersexuality.html#:~:text=While%20many%20animal%20species%20are,or%20persons%20with%20intersex%20conditions. |title=Intersexuality |date= May 15, 2010|archivedate=20220123140807 |author=Diamond, Milton |work=|publisher=University of Hawaii}}</ref> using the term to describe intersex humans is offensive and is considered a slur.<ref name="Is a person who is" /> |
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| + | Polyamorous is often an identity term, but whether or not polyamory is a [[sexual orientation]] has been debated. Some polyamorous people regard it as a choice or lifestyle that they may not practice throughout their lifetime. Others regard polyamory as an innate desire that they have experienced throughout their lifetime and are unable to change, comparable to the mainstream understanding of sexual orientation, or identify their sexual orientation as polyamorous.<ref name="Vice">{{Cite_web |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/9b8yp5/is-polyamory-a-sexual-orientation |title=Why People Are Fighting to Get Polyamory Recognized as a Sexual Orientation |author=McArthur, Neil |date=2016-08-17 |work=[https://www.vice.com Vice] |archivedate=20220203055936}}</ref><ref name="Psychology Today">{{Cite_web |url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/the-polyamorists-next-door/201610/is-polyamory-form-sexual-orientation |title=Is Polyamory a Form of Sexual Orientation? |author=Sheff, Elisabeth |date=2016-10-04 |work=[https://www.psychologytoday.com Psychology Today] |archiveurl=https://archive.fo/RFqfu}}</ref> Some have proposed defining polyamory as a "relationship orientation".<ref name="Vice" /> |
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| − | The movement to include the letter "I" for "intersex" in the acronym LGBTQIA+ is met with both support and hesitance from the intersex community.<ref name="Intersex Initiative" /><ref name="Exposure">{{Cite web|url=https://exposure.org.uk/2020/02/should-intersex-people-be-included-in-the-lgbt-community/|title=Should intersex people be included in the LGBT community?|author=Angela Mascolo|date=2020-02-04}}</ref> One reason people support including the "I" in the LGBTQIA+ acronym is the direct similarities of erasure of the queer community societally and in psychiatry. In addition, Western medicine and surgical treatments is heavily motivated by homophobia, transphobia, misogyny, and sexism, all of which are also experienced by people who want to [[transition]].<ref name="Intersex Initiative" /> Both communities still fight for the right to not have their bodies 'rectified' or 'fixed'.<ref name="Exposure" /> |
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| − | The criticism for the adding the "I" is a fear that the inclusion gives the impression that being intersex is inherently queer, or implies that intersex individuals are [[lesbian]], [[gay]], [[bisexual]], and/or [[transgender]] or another [[queer]] label.<ref name="Intersex Initiative" /> This argument stems from the false premise that intersex falls under the [[umbrella term]] of [[transgender]], despite the two not being related. Additionally, being intersex refers to biological features and is not a [[gender identity]], which is another common motivator for the exclusion of the "I".<ref name="Exposure" /><ref name="Amnesty">{{Cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/campaigns/2017/05/intersex-rights/|title=Intersex Rights|author=Amnesty International}}</ref> |
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| + | Some polyamorous people have experienced discriminatory treatment on the basis of their polyamory. Since polyamorous relationships are not legally protected in most Western jurisdictions, they may be discriminated against in employment, housing,<ref name="Vice" /><ref name="Psychology Today" /> and child custody.<ref name="Psychology Today" /> In the United States, state laws regarding bigamy prevent marriage between more than two people, while zoning laws can restrict the number of unmarried adults who can share a home. The push for legal recognition of polyamory has sometimes been accused of co-opting the language of [[gay liberation]].<ref name="Vice" /> Despite this, some jurisdictions have begun allowing greater legal freedoms for those in polyamorous partnerships.<ref name="BBCENM" /> |
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| − | While some intersex people do identify as one or more of the LGBTQIA+ identities, there is a concern that the association with LGBT may drive away parents of intersex children who seek out information. Another critique is the conflation between LGBT and intersex, as being combined with LGBT may make it harder for intersex people to gain visibility on their own. Searching the terms "LGBTI" brings an overwhelming about of resources for LGBT-specific issues, with little to mention of issues pertaining to intersex people. Another concern is the inclusion of the "I" being used only for tokenism and not actually furthering the development of research or resources for the intersex community.<ref name="Intersex Initiative">{{Cite web|title=Adding the "I": Does Intersex Belong in the LGBT Movement?|author=Emi Koyama, Intersex Initiative|url=http://www.intersexinitiative.org/articles/lgbti.html}}</ref> |
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==Media== |
==Media== |
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| − | === |
+ | ===Television=== |
| + | *[[w:c:caprica:Clarice Willow|Clarice Willow]] and her spouses [[w:c:caprica:Desiree Willow|Desiree Willow]], [[w:c:caprica:Helena|Helena]], [[w:c:caprica:Mar-Beth|Mar-Beth]], [[w:c:caprica:Nestor|Nestor]], [[w:c:caprica:Olaf|Olaf]], [[w:c:caprica:Rashawn|Rashawn]], and [[w:c:caprica:Tanner|Tanner]] in [[w:c:caprica:Caprica|''Caprica'']] |
||
| − | *[https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/22896551-none-of-the-above ''None of the Above''] by I.W. Gregorio - 2015{{source}} |
||
| + | *[[w:c:goodtrouble:Malika Williams|Malika Williams]], [[w:c:goodtrouble:Dyonte Davis|Dyonte Davis]], and [[w:c:goodtrouble:Tanya|Tanya]] in ''[[w:c:goodtrouble:Good Trouble|Good Trouble]]'' |
||
| − | *[https://www.goodreads.com/en/book/show/30841979-born-both ''Born Both: An Intersex Life''] by Hida Viloria - 2017{{source}} |
||
| + | *[[w:c:gossipgirl:Audrey Hope|Audrey Hope]], [[w:c:gossipgirl:Aki Menzies|Aki Menzies]], and [[w:c:gossipgirl:Max Wolfe|Max Wolfe]] in ''[[w:c:gossipgirl:Gossip Girl (2021)|Gossip Girl]]'' |
||
| + | *[[w:c:youngjustice:La'gaan|Lagoon Boy]] and his spouses [[w:c:youngjustice:Coral|Coral]] and [[w:c:youngjustice:Rodunn|Rodunn]] in ''[[w:c:youngjustice:Young Justice|Young Justice]]'' |
||
| − | === |
+ | === Webtoons === |
| − | *[[IMDb:tt0995829|''XXY'']] - 2007{{source}} |
||
| + | * [https://lgbtqia-characters.fandom.com/wiki/Jock_(Boyfriends) Jock] and his boyfriends [https://lgbtqia-characters.fandom.com/wiki/Prep_(Boyfriends) Prep], [https://lgbtqia-characters.fandom.com/wiki/Nerd_(Boyfriends) Nerd], and [https://lgbtqia-characters.fandom.com/wiki/Goth_(Boyfriends) Goth] in ''[https://www.webtoons.com/en/slice-of-life/boyfriends/list?title_no=2616 Boyfriends]'' |
||
| − | ===Television=== |
||
| − | *[[w:c:faking-it:Lauren Cooper|Lauren Cooper]] in ''Faking It'' is an intersex person. The character was written after consulting multiple [https://interactadvocates.org/ interACT] members<ref>[https://interactadvocates.org/intersex-inclusion-in-popular-media/ Intersex Inclusion in Popular Media]</ref> |
||
===Music=== |
===Music=== |
||
| + | *Willow Smith<ref name="BBC">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/newsbeat-56852099|title=Willow Smith opens up about being polyamorous}}</ref> |
||
| − | *[[w:c:rupaulsdragrace:Raven van Dorst|Raven van Dorst]] is an intersex rock artist from the Netherlands.{{source}} |
||
| + | |||
| + | ===Public Figures=== |
||
| + | *Leanne Yau of Poly Philia |
||
==Resources== |
==Resources== |
||
| + | ''Here you can place useful resources relevant for the described topic.'' |
||
| − | *[https://interactadvocates.org/resources/intersex-organizations/ Intersex Support and Advocacy Groups] |
||
| − | *[https://interactadvocates.org/ interACT] |
||
| − | *[https://ihra.org.au/ Intersex Human Rights International] |
||
| − | *[http://oiiinternational.com/ Organisation Intersex International] |
||
| − | *[http://www.isna.org/ Intersex Society of North America] |
||
==References== |
==References== |
||
| − | + | {{Reflist}} |
|
| + | [[de:Polyamor]] |
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| − | [[Category:Medical terminology]] |
||
| ⚫ | |||
| − | [[es:Intersexualidad]] |
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| − | [[de:Intersexuell]] |
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| ⚫ | |||
Revision as of 21:10, 20 October 2022
A polyamorous relationship is one in which one or more of the participants are involved romantically or sexually with more than one individual at a time.[2] Each person involved in the relationship consents to the situation and is aware of the non-monogamous nature.[3] The concept of polyamory as a queer identity is controversial on the basis of polyamory alone rather than other aspects of identity, such as sexual orientation. Being polyamorous is not specific to LGBTQIA+ people; cisgender and heterosexual people can be polyamorous, and LGBTQIA+ people are not necessarily polyamorous.[4]
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Etymology
'Poly' comes from the Greek word meaning "many", and "amory" comes from the Latin word meaning "love". The combination of Greek and Latin roots, which is against traditional language rules, emphasizes how polyamory relationships go against typical romantic and sexual norms. Morning Glory Zell Ravenheart, who was a member of Oberon Zell's Church of All Worlds, coined the word "polyamory" in print in the late 1980s.[5]
Community
The first symbol for the polyamory community was the poly parrot, created by Ray Dillinger in 1997, which was the familiar logo for the alt.polyamory Usenet group. He called the image the "Parrot Club Mascot" and said he created the image specifically for use on polyamory sites.[6] The infinity heart as a symbol for polyamory arose in the mid-1990s and was first created by Brian Crabtree. As new versions appeared throughout the 2000s and 2010s, the popularity of the poly parrot faded out.[7][8]
History
A polyamorous flag
19th Century
The roots for modern-day polyamory can be traced all the way back to the 1840s. From the 1840s to the 1870s, Oneida Community, a Christian commune in upstate New York, practiced what was referred to as 'complex marriage'.[9] In this practice, everyone in the community was considered married to each other, and abandoning traditional marriage was seen as the way to avoid sin. Although the community had its shortcomings, Oneida was so far ahead of its time that it has continued to be a model for polyamorous innovators today.[5]
1960s and 1970s
In the 1960s and 1970s, a second wave of polyamory occurred among hippies in what is known as the 'free love movement'. In this time, fringe groups around the country experimented with non-monogamy in what was termed 'group marriage'.[9]
At the same time as these intentional communities came to exist, support groups and publications positively portraying polyamorous relationships began to crop up. Some of these were short-lived, and others lasted long enough to have an impact on the form of modern polyamory. One, inspired by Heinlein’s Stranger In a Strange Land, was Oberon Zell’s Church of All Worlds. A member of this group, Morning Glory Zell Ravenheart, coined the word polyamory in print for the first time in the late 1980s.[5]
1990s
During the 1990s, the Internet sparked a third wave of polyamory, after AIDS had driven it underground during the 1980s. A Usenet newsgroup called alt.polyamory helped build a community.[9]
Flag
The original polyamorous flag was created by Jim Evans in 1995.[8] He made it in Microsoft Paint using websafe colors.[10] This flag displays stripes of blue to represent openness and honesty, red to represent love and passion, and black to show solidarity with those who must hide their polyamorous relationships from the outside world.[11]
There have been many interpretations for what the pi symbol represents. Some people think the pi symbol represents polyamorous people having “infinite love", as pi has infinite decimal places.[11] Others say the pi symbol references how “polyamory” also starts with “p”.[8] It is also possible it was chosen in part because it was one of the few symbols available to Evans in Microsoft Paint.[10] However, its gold color is widely accepted to represent the value that we place on the emotional attachment to others, be the relationship friendly or romantic in nature, as opposed to merely primarily physical relationships.[7][8]
As time went on and it peaked in the summer of 2020, the flag was recognized by many in the community as undesirable.[12] People wanted to move away from the garish colors of the original and use symbology that was easier to comprehend.[10] Of all the alternatives proposed, the most common was made by Molly W.
The flag is comprised of four stripes, all of equal height. The colors of this flag include lime green for growth, kelly green for balance, sky blue representing freedom, and royal blue for trust. The infinity heart represents the concept of infinite love. The infinity heart in this flag touches every other color on the flag, unifying the concepts that the colors represent. The infinity heart is white, for two reasons. First, not many colors looked good against the other colors I selected, and I wanted something that was easy on the eyes. Second, in the Red/Green/Blue (RGB) color spectrum, white is the color you get when red, green, and blue are combined, and thus represents the combination of all the colors. Philosophically, that made sense to me when viewed through the lens of polyamory: it represents many uniting to create something new and different.
Molly W., New Polyamory Pride Flag
Controversy
Although polyamory challenges social norms related to monogamy, polyamorous relationships do not necessarily challenge other sexual or gender norms. A cisgender straight man in relationships with multiple women upholds patriarchal and cisheteronormative beliefs that it is "natural" for men to want multiple sexual partners and for those partners to be women. Polyamory does not necessarily include relationships between people of the same gender. It thus is not generally viewed as a societally oppressed group identity or a marginalized identity comparable to being LGBTQIA+.[4]
Polyamorous is often an identity term, but whether or not polyamory is a sexual orientation has been debated. Some polyamorous people regard it as a choice or lifestyle that they may not practice throughout their lifetime. Others regard polyamory as an innate desire that they have experienced throughout their lifetime and are unable to change, comparable to the mainstream understanding of sexual orientation, or identify their sexual orientation as polyamorous.[13][14] Some have proposed defining polyamory as a "relationship orientation".[13]
Perceptions and discrimination
Some polyamorous people have experienced discriminatory treatment on the basis of their polyamory. Since polyamorous relationships are not legally protected in most Western jurisdictions, they may be discriminated against in employment, housing,[13][14] and child custody.[14] In the United States, state laws regarding bigamy prevent marriage between more than two people, while zoning laws can restrict the number of unmarried adults who can share a home. The push for legal recognition of polyamory has sometimes been accused of co-opting the language of gay liberation.[13] Despite this, some jurisdictions have begun allowing greater legal freedoms for those in polyamorous partnerships.[1]
Media
Television
- Clarice Willow and her spouses Desiree Willow, Helena, Mar-Beth, Nestor, Olaf, Rashawn, and Tanner in Caprica
- Malika Williams, Dyonte Davis, and Tanya in Good Trouble
- Audrey Hope, Aki Menzies, and Max Wolfe in Gossip Girl
- Lagoon Boy and his spouses Coral and Rodunn in Young Justice
Webtoons
- Jock and his boyfriends Prep, Nerd, and Goth in Boyfriends
Music
- Willow Smith[15]
Public Figures
- Leanne Yau of Poly Philia
Resources
Here you can place useful resources relevant for the described topic.
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Klein, Jessica: "Ethical non-monogamy: the rise of multi-partner relationships" (2021-03-26). bbc.com. BBC.
- ↑ Bass, Lianna: "Greatest Guide to Polyamory: Myth vs Fact" (2021-12-22). greatist.com. Greatest.
- ↑ Geldean, Amy: "Types of Polyamorous Relationships" (2021-07-19). sdrelationshipplace.com. The Relationship Place.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Hole, Morgan Lev Edward. The A-Z of Gender and Sexuality: From Ace to Ze. Jessica Kingsley Publishers, 2019. ISBN 9781784506636.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Anapol, Deborah. Polyamory in the 21st Century: Love and Intimacy with Multiple Partners. Rowman & Littlefield, 2010. ISBN 9781442200234.
- ↑ "A List of Poly Symbols". hevanet.com.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 "The polyamory flag is a grim, confusing failure. Let's do better.". polyinthemedia.blogspot.com.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 "What is the Polyamory pride flag and what does it mean?". heckinunicorn.com.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Libby Copeland: "The surprisingly woman-friendly roots of modern polyamory". slate.com.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Molly W.: "New Polyamory Pride Flag". mollymakesthings.com.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 Lauren Pineda: "Polyamory: What Is It and Why Does the Flag Have the Pi Symbol on It?". rare.us.
- ↑ "Polyamorous Flag". theflager.com.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 McArthur, Neil: "Why People Are Fighting to Get Polyamory Recognized as a Sexual Orientation" (2016-08-17). Vice. (Archived on February 3, 2022).
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Sheff, Elisabeth: "Is Polyamory a Form of Sexual Orientation?" (2016-10-04). Psychology Today. (Archived version).
- ↑ "Willow Smith opens up about being polyamorous". bbc.com.