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{{Infobox |
{{Infobox |
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| − | | image = |
+ | | image = Biromantic_Flag1.png |
| − | | caption = |
+ | | caption = One of the biromantic flags |
| − | | |
+ | | term = Romantic orientation |
| − | | term = sexuality |
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| spectrum = |
| spectrum = |
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| − | | |
+ | | attracted = Any two [[gender identities]] |
| + | | sexuality = [[Bisexual]], [[Asexual]], [[Gay]], [[Lesbian]], [[Pansexual]] |
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| − | | attracted = two or more [[gender spectrum|genders]] |
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| ⚫ | |||
| − | | attractedtype = any |
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| − | | romance = [[biromantic]] |
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| ⚫ | |||
}} |
}} |
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| − | ''' |
+ | '''Biromantic''' is a term used to describe people who are capable of feeling a romantic connection to people of two specific and distinct [[gender identities]].<ref name="WebMD: Biromatic">{{Cite_web|url=https://www.webmd.com/sex/what-does-biromantic-mean|title=What Does Biromantic Mean?}}</ref> Biromantics want to date and form a romantic connection with more than one [[gender]]—including [[cisgender]] men, women, and other non-rigid identities like [[transgender]] and [[non-binary]] people.<ref name="Insider: Biromantic">{{Cite_web|url=https://www.insider.com/biromantic|title=Being biromantic and bisexual aren't the same — here's what it means to be biromantic}}</ref> |
==Etymology== |
==Etymology== |
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| + | The name combines the use of two terms— "'''bi'''" and "'''romantic'''". ''Bi'' is the latin prefix for "two" while "romantic" is dervived from the French word ''"romantique"''. In a literal sense, it means "two romances" or "two romantics".<ref name="Etymyonline: Romantic">{{Cite_web|url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/romantic#etymonline_v_15180|title=romantic <nowiki>|</nowiki> Etymology, origin and meaning of romantic by etymonline}}</ref> |
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| − | "Bisexual" is "bi-", meaning "two" or "double", and "-sexual". The term "bisexuality" referring to sexual orientation was first used by neurologist Charles Gilbert Chaddock in his English translation of ''Psychopathia Sexualis'' in 1892, which contained a theory that the brain of a person attracted both to their own sex and the opposite sex must be partly of another sex and thus "hermaphroditic".<ref>[https://books.google.pl/books?id=9SYKAAAAIAAJ Psychopathia Sexualis]</ref> Earlier, it was a term in botany for "having male and female parts".<ref>[https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/1004869.pdf Memoir of Observations on the Plants denominated Cryptogamick]</ref> |
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==Community== |
==Community== |
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| − | The Bi Visibility Day is 23rd September. It varies in several countries, though, being 16th, 24th or 25th instead.<ref>[https://bivisibilityday.com/ Bi Visibility Day]</ref> |
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| − | |||
| − | ===History=== |
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| − | ====Ancient history==== |
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| − | In Ancient China and Japan, homosexuality and bisexuality was also documented, both men who had sex with men, and women who had sex with women. There were ancient Japanese art prints, called ''shunga'', which depicted sexual relationships in full detail, including same-sex relations. Ancient China had similar artwork.<ref>[https://books.google.pl/books/about/Forbidden_images.html?id=TXawOgAACAAJ&redir_esc=y Forbidden images: erotic art from Japan's Edo period]</ref> Ancient Greek religious texts, which reflected cultural practices, had bisexual themes throughout. Ancient Greece is generally considered to have been accepting of [[LGBTQIA+]] individuals, though the stance has differed in various city-states.<ref>[https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/law-sexuality-and-society/CC6AAF9012EEF289E37DE5128212C61E Law, Sexuality, and Society. The Enforcement of Morals in Classical Athens]</ref> In terms of social acceptance in ancient Rome, a freeborn Roman man could have sex with both men and women, as long as he took the penetrative role.<ref>[https://books.google.pl/books/about/The_Garden_of_Priapus.html?id=KBoEG6GJlMcC&redir_esc=y The Garden of Priapus: Sexuality and Aggression in Roman Humor]</ref> Caligula, a Roman Caesar, had relationships with both men and women.<ref>[https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/e/roman/texts/suetonius/12caesars/caligula*.html Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars]</ref><ref>[https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/59*.html Cassius Dio, Roman History]</ref> |
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| − | |||
| − | ==== 19th Century ==== |
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| − | Starting from 19th century, historians documented multiple self-declared or openly living as bisexual historical figures, being able to describe them in more detail. These include several well known writers, singers and artists; however, living openly as a bisexual person was rare due to stigma. The famous writer Hans Christian Andersen (1805 - 1875) is described to be bisexual, as he describes attraction to both men and women in his correspondence and diary; his male love interests include Edvard Collin, who preferred women and found himself "unable to respond to this love".<ref>[https://books.google.pl/books?id=Tq0sDAAAQBAJ Just As Well I'm Leaving: To the Orient With Hans Christian Andersen]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.pl/books/about/Hans_Christian_Andersen_s_Correspondence.html?id=i3pWfVwhPUIC&redir_esc=y Hans Christian Andersen's Correspondence with the Late Grand-Duke of Saxe-Weimar, Charles Dickens]</ref> Lord Byron (1788 - 1824), an English poet, one of the leading figures of the [[wikipedia:Romanticism|Romanticism]], had many relationships with women, but also men and his bisexuality is acknowledged by historians.<ref>[https://muse.jhu.edu/article/385569/pdf The Byron Journal, Least Like Saints: The Vexed Issue of Byron's Sexuality]</ref> |
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| − | |||
| − | ==== Early 20th Century ==== |
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| − | During the [[wikipedia:Harlem Renaissance|Harlem Renaissance]], blues singers Ma Rainey (1886 - 1939) and Bessie Smith (1894 - 1937) openly included bisexuality in their lyrics and life and are considered bisexual.<ref name="Ma Rainey">{{Cite_web|url=https://www.billboard.com/culture/politics/ma-rainey-lesbian-lyrics-7824784|title=Ma Rainey's Lesbian Lyrics: 5 Times She Expressed Her Queerness in Song}}</ref><ref name="Bessie Smith">{{Cite_web|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/bessie-smith_b_1450477|title=Bessie Smith: Music's Original, Bitchinest Bad Girl}}</ref>. Poet Edna St. Vincent Millay (1892 - 1950) was also openly bisexual.<ref>[https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvmx3j3j?turn_away=true Lofty Dogmas: Poets on Poetics]</ref> |
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| − | |||
| − | ====The Kinsey Scale==== |
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| − | [[File:Kinsey Scale.jpg|thumb|right|alt=The Kinsey Scale|The Kinsey Scale]] |
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| − | The sex researcher Alfred Kinsey and his team published the Kinsey Scale in 1948, to illustrate that sexual attraction and behavior can vary on a wide spectrum. The seven-point scale ranges from 0 ("exclusively heterosexual") to 6 ("exclusively homosexual"). Those who fall somewhere in the 1-5 category are labelled as bisexual. The scale shows that there is a whole range of experiences other than being [[Terminology#Heterosexual|heterosexual]] or [[homosexual]].<ref>[https://kinseyinstitute.org/research/publications/kinsey-scale.php Kinsey Institute]</ref><ref name="Bi.org: Kinsey and Klein">{{Cite_web|url=https://bi.org/en/101/Kinsey-Klein|title=The Kinsey Scale and the Klein Grid}}</ref> |
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| − | |||
| − | ==== 1960s and 1970s ==== |
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| − | In New York, Philadelphia, and Washington, D.C., between 1965 and 1969 multiple pickets were staged to fight for the LGBTQIA+ rights. One woman at the second White House picket declared herself as bisexual<ref>{{Cite_web|url=http://www.gaytoday.com/garchive/interview/083099in.htm|title=Interview}}</ref>. Many bisexual individuals took part in the [[Stonewall Riots]] in 1969, a key historical event for the entire LGBTQIA+ community. Brenda Howard, a known bisexual activist, is known as the Mother of Pride, because she created a one-month Stonewall anniversary rally in July 1969 and then took part in coordinating the Christopher Street Liberation Day Parade in 1970, known as the first pride march<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20190608014435/https://www.them.us/story/brenda-howard/amp Meet "The Mother of Pride," The Pioneering Bisexual Activist Brenda Howard]</ref> |
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| − | In 1972, a Quaker group (an American religious assembly), the Committee of Friends on Bisexuality, supported the bisexual people in the "Ithaca Statement on Bisexuality", being the possibly first know religious group to support the bisexual community in the United States of America<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20151015231948/http://bimedia.org/1984/june-1972-the-ithaca-statement/ The Ithaca Satement]</ref>. |
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| − | Freddie Mercury (1946 - 1991) is one of the most famous self-declared bisexual men. Many speculate about his sexuality, but it is known he came out to his girlfriend, Mary Austin, in 1976.<ref name="Mirror">{{Cite_web|url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/film/inside-mary-austin-freddie-mercurys-13474118|title=Inside Mary Austin and Freddie Mercury's relationship - the woman who none of his lovers could compare to}}</ref><ref name="Ultimate Classic Rock">{{Cite_web|url=https://ultimateclassicrock.com/freddie-mercury-sexuality|title=Freddie Mercury’s Sexuality Remained a Mystery Even to His Queen Bandmates}}</ref> |
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| − | |||
| − | ====The Klein Grid==== |
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| − | [[File:Klein sexuality grid.png|thumb|right|alt=The Klein Grid|The Klein Grid]] |
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| − | It's also known as the Klein Sexual Orientation Grid (KSOG). The psychiatrist and sex researcher Fritz Klein published the Klein Grid in 1978 to provide a more nuanced way to describe human sexuality. It includes past and present experiences and one's "ideal" experience they'd wish to have, and multiple labels to describe the experiences. One can include their behavior, attraction, fantasies, lifestyle and preferences and describe them with with a multitude of labels containing words "only", "somewhat more", "most" and such. The grid illustrates fluidity and complexity of everyone's sexual identity.<ref>[https://www.americaninstituteofbisexuality.org/thebisexualoption The Bisexual Option]</ref><ref name="Bi.org: Kinsey and Klein" />. |
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| − | |||
| − | ==== 1980s and 1990s ==== |
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| − | When the [[HIV/AIDS pandemic]] began, bisexual activists fought for their recognition; they also fought for [[cis]] women, [[transgender]] people and injection drug users to be recognized as victims of the pandemic and supported. One of them was a Black woman, Veneita Porter, who advocated for these groups and was known to be bisexual; she was an activist of the Prostitute's Union of Massachusetts and the Call Off Your Old Tired Ethics organization<ref>[https://scholarworks.umb.edu/nejpp/vol4/iss1/29/ Minorities and HIV Infection, Veneita Porter, Rhode Island Project AIDS]</ref>. In 1985, the Bisexual Resource Center (BRC) was founded as the East Coast Bisexual Network<ref>[https://biresource.org/about/our-history/ Our History - BRC]</ref>. In 1987, the article "The Bisexual Movement: Are We Visible Yet?" by Lani Ka'ahumanu appeared in the official Civil Disobedience Handbook for the Second National March on Washington for Lesbian and Gay Rights and was the first article from the bisexual comunity in a national lesbian or gay publication in the United States of America<ref>[https://www.lanikaahumanu.com/OUT%20OUTRAGED.pdf The Bisexual Community: Are We Visible Yet?]</ref>. |
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| − | In 1992, Colorado voters approved the 1992 Colorado Amendment 2 that prevented any city, town, or county in the state from taking any legislative, executive, or judicial action to introduce anti-discrimination law protecting gay, lesbian, or bisexual people. The Supreme Court ruled in a 6–3 decision that the amendment did not satisfy the Equal Protection Clause<ref>[[wikipedia:1992 Colorado Amendment 2|1992 Colorado Amendment 2]]</ref>. |
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| − | |||
| − | ====Modern history==== |
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| − | The Union for Reform Judaism in 2003 issued a resolution "Support for the Inclusion and Acceptance of the Transgender and Bisexual Communities", which applied their policy supporting rights of the gay and lesbian communities to the bisexual and transgender communities<ref>[https://archive.ph/20120720193853/http://urj.org/Articles/index.cfm?id=13462 Support for the Inclusion and Acceptance of the Transgender and Bisexual Communities]</ref>. |
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===Flag=== |
===Flag=== |
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| + | Biromantic flags do exist, but come in varying forms due to the fluidity of the attraction. They each include the solid flag (i.e. the [[gay]] pride flag) with a heart in the center with an overlapping flag (i.e. [[bisexual]] pride flag). The heart stands for love, while the two flags depicted represent the person's romantic attraction.{{Source}} |
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| − | The bisexual pride flag was designed by a team led by LGBT activist Michael Page in 1998. The flag was created in order to give the bisexual community its own symbol which was easily recognized and comparable to the [[gay]] pride flag (rainbow flag) that represented the larger [[LGBTQIA+]] community. Page's aim was to increase the visibility of bisexuals, both among society as a whole, and within the community<ref name="page">[https://web.archive.org/web/20010801185547/http://biflag.com/Activism.asp The History of the Bi Pride Flag]</ref>. |
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| − | [[File:Biangles.svg|alt=Two interlocking triangles in the colours of the bi flag|thumb|The biangles]] |
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| − | Page took the colors of the bisexual pride flag from an existing bisexual symbol, the biangles (bisexuality triangles)<ref name="page" />. The biangles were created for the Boston Bi Woman's Community by the artist Liz Nania<ref>[https://www.dezeen.com/2019/10/23/queer-design-andrew-campbell-50-years-lgbt-graphic-design/ Queer x Design highlights 50 years of LGBT+ graphic design]</ref>. |
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| − | |||
| − | {{Quote |
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| − | | quote = The pink color represents sexual attraction to the same sex only (gay and lesbian). The blue represents sexual attraction to the opposite sex only (straight) and the resultant overlap color purple represents sexual attraction to both sexes (bi). |
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| − | | speaker = Michael Page |
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| − | | source = [https://web.archive.org/web/20010801185547/http://biflag.com/Activism.asp The History of the Bi Pride Flag] |
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| − | }} |
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| − | [[File:Bi Crescents.svg|thumb|alt=Two interlocking crescents in the colours of the bi flag|The bisexual crescents]] |
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| − | A number of bisexual people prefer to use the bisexual crescents (also called the double moon) instead of the bi triangles as their community symbol, as they want to avoid using a symbol that derives from the pink triangle, which was used to tag and persecute homosexual people in the Nazi regime. This symbol was created by Vivian Wagner with a team in 1998<ref>[https://books.google.pl/books?id=P-T7DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT3&lpg=PT3 Queerstory: An Infographic History of the Fight for LGBTQ+ Rights]</ref>. |
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===Distinction=== |
===Distinction=== |
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| + | The term "biromantic" is confused for or falsely used in place of bisexuality. However, they are two different identities. Biromantic deals with the romantic side of attraction while bisexuality regards the sexual aspect of attraction.{{Source}} |
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| − | The bisexual people are distinct from, but similar to [[pansexual]] and [[omnisexual]] people. Bisexuality is attraction to more than one gender, while pansexuality is described as attraction to all genders regardless of gender; omnisexuality is attraction to all genders, where gender often still plays a role in one's attraction. However, the definitions are very nuanced and can vary per person<ref name="biresource" />. |
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| − | ===Perceptions and Discrimination=== |
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| − | Bi erasure is one of the most common ways to discriminate the bisexual people. It is the practice of obscuring or denying a bisexual individual's orientation in favour of portraying them as either gay/lesbian or straight. It remains common, and despite efforts from bisexual activists the cisheteronormative perception of the gender binary continues to affect how bisexuals are perceived<ref>[https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780203947470-45/sexual-prejudice-erasure-bisexuals-academia-media Sexual prejudice: The erasure of bisexuals in academia and the media]</ref>. Bisexual visibility and awareness have, however, been increasing in recent years. |
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| − | There is a tendency to ignore the existence of bisexuality and assume that a person who has a same-sex relationship or sexual intercourse once is homosexual. However, a study in 2012 found that 76.8% of participants categorised such people as bisexual. Still, they "perceived male targets (who expressed a one-time interest in the other sex) to be more homosexual than comparable female targets were judged to be"<ref>[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19419899.2012.749505 Social perception of bisexuality]</ref>. Another study, published in 2021, mentioned that the authors researched the suggestion that "people stereotype bisexual women as truly heterosexual and bisexual men as truly gay" and found that "participants all perceived bisexual men as more attracted to men than to women. No such pattern emerged for bisexual women"<ref>[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ejsp.2773 Bisexual erasure: Perceived attraction patterns of bisexual women and men]</ref>. |
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| − | ==Media== |
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| − | According to GLAAD's report Where We Are on TV 16'-17'<ref>[https://glaad.org/files/WWAT/WWAT_GLAAD_2016-2017.pdf Where We Are on TV 16'-17']</ref>: |
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| − | {{Quote |
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| − | | quote = Of the 278 regular and recurring LGBTQ characters on scripted broadcast, cable, and streaming |
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| − | programming, 83 (30 percent) are counted as bisexual. This group is made up of 64 women and 19 men [...] In each of the examples listed, the character’s identity as bisexual was directly tied to their manipulative and evil actions. |
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| − | | speaker = GLAAD |
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| − | | source = [https://glaad.org/files/WWAT/WWAT_GLAAD_2016-2017.pdf Where We Are on TV 16'-17'] |
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| − | }} |
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| − | ===Literature=== |
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| − | *[[w:c:gossipgirl:Chuck Bass|Chuck Bass]] in [[w:c:gossipgirl|''Gossip Girl'']] |
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| − | *[[w:c:starwars:Chass na Chadic|Chass na Chadic]] in [[w:c:starwars:Star Wars|''Star Wars'']] novels |
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| − | *[[w:c:starwars:Sabé|Sabé]] in [[w:c:starwars:Star Wars|''Star Wars'']] novels |
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| − | *[[w:c:starwars:Wyl Lark|Wyl Lark]] in [[w:c:starwars:Star Wars|''Star Wars'']] novels |
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| − | *[[w:c:starwars:Yrica Quell|Yrica Quell]] in [[w:c:starwars:Star Wars|''Star Wars'']] novels |
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| − | *[[w:c:riordan:Apollo|Apollo]] in [[w:c:riordan:The Trials of Apollo|''The Trials of Apollo'']] |
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| − | *[[w:c:riordan:Hemithea|Hemithea]] in [[w:c:riordan:The Trials of Apollo|''The Trials of Apollo'']] |
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| − | *[[w:c:riordan:Josephine|Josephine]] in [[w:c:riordan:The Trials of Apollo|''The Trials of Apollo'']] |
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| − | *[[w:c:riordan:Lavinia Asimov|Lavinia Asimov]] in [[w:c:riordan:The Trials of Apollo|''The Trials of Apollo'']] |
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| − | *Kitty Butler in [[wikipedia:Tipping the Velvet|''Tipping the Velvet'']] |
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| − | *[[w:c:vampirechronicles:Armand|Armand]] in [[w:c:vampirechronicles|''The Vampire Chronicles'']] |
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| − | *[[w:c:vampirechronicles:David Talbot|David Talbot]] in [[w:c:vampirechronicles|''The Vampire Chronicles'']] |
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| − | *[[w:c:vampirechronicles:Lestat de Lioncourt|Lestat de Lioncourt]] in [[w:c:vampirechronicles|''The Vampire Chronicles'']] |
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| − | *[[w:c:vampirechronicles:Louis de Pointe du Lac|Louis de Pointe du Lac]] in [[w:c:vampirechronicles|''The Vampire Chronicles'']] |
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| − | *[[w:c:vampirechronicles:Marius de Romanus|Marius de Romanus]] in [[w:c:vampirechronicles|''The Vampire Chronicles'']] |
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| − | ===Film=== |
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| − | *[[w:c:dcextendeduniverse:Harley Quinn|Harley Quinn]] in [[w:c:dcextendeduniverse:Birds of Prey (And the Fantabulous Emancipation of One Harley Quinn)|''Birds of Prey (And the Fantabulous Emancipation of One Harley Quinn)'']] |
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| − | *Lorraine Broughton in [[w:c:moviedatabase:Atomic Blonde|''Atomic Blonde'']] |
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| − | *[[w:c:scottpilgrim:Ramona Flowers|Ramona Flowers]] in [[w:c:scottpilgrim|''Scott Pilgrim vs. the World'']] |
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| − | ===Television=== |
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| − | *[[w:c:arrow:Sara Lance|Sara Lance]] in the [[w:c:arrow:Arrowverse|Arrowverse]] |
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| + | Biromantic individuals are not always sexually attracted to the genders they are romantically interested in. Many bisexual people also identify as biromantic, as they find romantic attraction in either of their gendered or non-gendered partners.<ref name="Healthline: Biromantic">{{Cite_web|url=https://www.healthline.com/health/biromantic|title=How does being biromantic coexist with your sexual orientation?}}</ref> |
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| − | ===Comic Books=== |
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| − | *[[w:c:dc:Harleen Quinzel (Prime Earth)|Harley Quinn]] in DC Comics |
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| − | *[[w:c:dc:Timothy Drake (Prime Earth)|Tim Drake]] (Red Robin/the third Robin) in DC Comics |
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| + | [[Panromantic]] is another identity that overlaps with biromantic, but is different in many ways. Panromantics are attracted to people of ''all'' genders, while biromantics are attracted to any ''two'' genders. Furthermore, biromantics may only want to form a romantic relationship with certain genders, while panromantics are open to all genders.<ref name="Insider: Biromantic"/> |
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| − | ===Music=== |
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==Resources== |
==Resources== |
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| + | ''Here you can place useful resources relevant for the described topic.'' |
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| − | *[https://biresource.org/ Bisexual Resource Center] |
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| − | *[https://bi.org/en Bi.org] |
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| − | *[https://bivisibilityday.com/ Bi Visibility Day] |
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==References== |
==References== |
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| − | + | {{Reflist}} |
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Revision as of 10:28, 7 December 2021
Biromantic is a term used to describe people who are capable of feeling a romantic connection to people of two specific and distinct gender identities.[1] Biromantics want to date and form a romantic connection with more than one gender—including cisgender men, women, and other non-rigid identities like transgender and non-binary people.[2]
Etymology
The name combines the use of two terms— "bi" and "romantic". Bi is the latin prefix for "two" while "romantic" is dervived from the French word "romantique". In a literal sense, it means "two romances" or "two romantics".[3]
Community
Flag
Biromantic flags do exist, but come in varying forms due to the fluidity of the attraction. They each include the solid flag (i.e. the gay pride flag) with a heart in the center with an overlapping flag (i.e. bisexual pride flag). The heart stands for love, while the two flags depicted represent the person's romantic attraction.[source?]
Distinction
The term "biromantic" is confused for or falsely used in place of bisexuality. However, they are two different identities. Biromantic deals with the romantic side of attraction while bisexuality regards the sexual aspect of attraction.[source?]
Biromantic individuals are not always sexually attracted to the genders they are romantically interested in. Many bisexual people also identify as biromantic, as they find romantic attraction in either of their gendered or non-gendered partners.[4]
Panromantic is another identity that overlaps with biromantic, but is different in many ways. Panromantics are attracted to people of all genders, while biromantics are attracted to any two genders. Furthermore, biromantics may only want to form a romantic relationship with certain genders, while panromantics are open to all genders.[2]
Resources
Here you can place useful resources relevant for the described topic.
References
- ↑ "What Does Biromantic Mean?" on webmd.com
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Being biromantic and bisexual aren't the same — here's what it means to be biromantic" on insider.com
- ↑ "romantic | Etymology, origin and meaning of romantic by etymonline" on etymonline.com
- ↑ "How does being biromantic coexist with your sexual orientation?" on healthline.com