Changes: Marsha P. Johnson

Revision as of 09:56, 19 May 2022

Usage

To simultaneously link to the article and show the article name, the template syntax is:

{{wikia|Wikia project alias|article title}}

To link to an article by name but showing different inline text while linking to it, the template syntax is:

{{wikia|Wikia project alias|article title|different text}}

To also add a colour, the template syntax is one of the below:

{{wikia|Wikia project alias|article title|color=color code}}
{{wikia|Wikia project alias|article title|different text|color=color code}}

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+<span style="display:none"><onlyinclude>[[w:c:{{{1|Wikia}}}:{{{2|}}}|{{#if:{{{2|}}}|{{#if:{{{color|}}}|<span style="color:{{{color|}}}">}}{{{3|{{{2|{{{1|}}}}}}}}}{{#if:{{{color|}}}|</span>}}|{{#if:{{{3|}}}|{{{3}}}|{{#if:{{{1|}}}|{{{1}}} Wiki|Wikia}}}}}}]]</onlyinclude></span>
-{{Infobox icon
+===Usage===
-|image=Marsha P. Johnson.jpg
+To simultaneously link to the article and show the article name, the template syntax is:
-|birth=24 August, 1945<br>Elizabeth, NJ, USA
+ <nowiki>{{wikia|Wikia project alias|article title}}</nowiki>
-|death=6 July, 1992 (aged 46)<br>New York City, NY, USA
+To link to an article by name but showing different inline text while linking to it, the template syntax is:
-|alias=Black Marsha <small>(formerly)</small><br>Marsha Pay It No Mind Johnson
+ <nowiki>{{wikia|Wikia project alias|article title|different text}}</nowiki>
-|active=1969 - 1992
+To also add a colour, the template syntax is one of the below:
-|name=Marsha P. Johnson
+ <nowiki>{{wikia|Wikia project alias|article title|color=color code}}</nowiki>
-|nationality=American
+ <nowiki>{{wikia|Wikia project alias|article title|different text|color=color code}}</nowiki>
-|occupation=LGBTQIA+ Activist,<br>Drag Queen
-|known=Involvement in the [[Stonewall Riots|Stonewall uprising]] and [[ACT UP]]
-|pronouns=she/her}}
+==See also==
-'''Marsha P. Johnson''', also known as '''Marsha Pay It No Mind Johnson''' (August 24, 1945 – July 6, 1992), was an American gay liberation<ref name="Kasino">{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rjN9W2KstqE |title=Pay It No Mind - The Life and Times of Marsha P. Johnson |date= |archivedate=20220116140807 |author=Kasino, Michael |work=https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCp-1cg3OOGyFD-v2dlmWusg |publisher=Michael Kasino}}</ref> activist and drag queen<ref name="Workers">{{Cite web |url=https://www.workers.org/2006/us/lavender-red-73/ |title=Street Transvestite Action Revolutionaries |date= September 24, 2006|archivedate=20220116140807 |author=Feinberg, Leslie |work=https://www.workers.org/ |publisher=Workers.org}}</ref><ref name="NYTimes">{{Cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/29/arts/transgender-monument-stonewall.html |title=Two Transgender Activists Are Getting a Monument in New York |date= May 29, 2019|archivedate=20220116140807 |author=| |publisher=New York Times}}</ref>. Johnson was a well-known figure within New York City's [[Queer|Queer Community]]; perhaps best known for her involvement in the [[Stonewall Riots|Stonewall uprising]].<ref name="Kasino" /><ref name="makinggayhistory" /><ref name="StonewallCarter">{{Cite print |author=Carter, David |title=Stonewall: The Riots that Sparked the Gay Revolution |publisher=St. Martin's |date=2004 |isbn=0312200250}}</ref> Though many wrongfully claim Johnson started the Stonewall Riots herself, she has publically denounced being present on the night of June 28, 1969.<ref name="makinggayhistory">{{Cite web |url=https://makinggayhistory.com/podcast/episode-11-johnson-wicker/ |title=Making Gay History: Episode 11 – Johnson & Wicker |date=1987 |archivedate=20220116140807 |author=Marcus, Eric |work=https://makinggayhistory.com |publisher=Making Gay History}}</ref>
+*[[Template:w]], link to a Wikipedia article.
+[[Category:Templates]]
-Johnson was one of the founding members of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gay_Liberation_Front Gay Liberation Front] and co-founded [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_Transvestite_Action_Revolutionaries Street Transvestite Action Revolutionaries] (S.T.A.R.), a radical activism group based in New York City, alongside [[Sylvia Rivera]].<ref name="queeringnonhuman">{{Cite print |author=Giffney, Noreen |title=Queering the Non/Human |publisher=St. Martin's |date=December 28, 2012 |isbn=9781409491408}}</ref> From 1987 through 1992, Johnson was an AIDS activist with [[ACT UP]].<ref name="Kasino" />
-It is unclear how Marsha identified. Nowadays, historians and former friends of Marsha describe her as a trans woman. During Marsha’s lifetime, the term transgender was not commonly used, and Marsha described herself as a gay person, a transvestite, and a drag queen, who used she/her pronouns.
-==Biography==
-===Early life===
-Johnson was born on 24 August, 1945, in Elizabeth, New Jersey.<ref name="blackpast">{{Cite web |url=https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/marsha-p-johnson-1945-1992/ |title=Marsha P. Johnson (1945-1992) |date=April 9, 2019 |archivedate=20220116140807 |author=Washington, KC |work=https://www.blackpast.org/ |publisher=Blackpast}}</ref> Her father, Malcolm Michaels Sr, was an assembly line worker at [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Motors General Motors]. Marsha's mother, Alberta Claiborne was a housekeeper. Though Claiborne reportedly held homophobic values, she was said to have shown support for her child.<ref name="Kasino" /> Marsha was raised in the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Methodist_Episcopal_Church African Methodist Episcopal Church];<ref name="Kasino" /><ref name="HopeCoke">{{Cite web |url=https://www.tatler.com/article/who-is-marsha-p-johnson-drag-queen-gay-activist |title=The inspiring life of activist and drag queen Marsha P. Johnson |date=25 June 2020 |archivedate=20220116140807 |author=Coke, Hope |work=https://www.tatler.com/profile/hope-cook |publisher=Tatler}}</ref> when asked about how religion played a factor in her upbringing, Johnson stated: "I got married to Jesus Christ when I was sixteen years old, still in high school."<ref name="Kasino" />
-Marsha started wearing dresses when she was five years old, but regularly got harassed by neighbouring kids. This caused Marsha to stop crossdressing temporarily. After becoming the victim of rape at the hands of a thirteen year old boy<ref name="Kasino" />, Johnson considered being gay "some sort of dream", rather than something that actually seemed possible. Because of this, Johnson chose to remain sexually inactive until moving to New York City at the age of 17.<ref name="stonewall1979">{{Cite web |url=https://www.villagevoice.com/2019/06/04/stonewall-1979-the-drag-of-politics/ |title=Stonewall 1979: The Drag of Politics |date=15 June 1979 |archivedate=20220116140807 |author=Watson, Steve |work=https://www.villagevoice.com/author/steve-watson/ |publisher=Tatler}}</ref>
-After graduating from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_A._Edison_Career_and_Technical_Academy Edison High Scool] in 1963, Johnson moved to New York City with $15 and a bag of clothes. Johnson waited tables after moving to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwich_Village Greenwich Village] in 1966.<ref name="Kasino" /> During this time, Johnson started hanging out with local [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_prostitution sex workers] near the Howard Johnson's at 6th Avenue and 8th Street. After this, Johnson came out, stating: "My life has been built around sex and gay liberation, being a drag queen and sex work."<ref name="stonewall1979"> </ref> By 1966, Johnson lived on the street<ref name="NYTimes"></ref> and engaged in survival sex.<ref name="Kasino" />
-===Activism===
-====Stonewall====
-''see: [[Stonewall Riots]]''
-After the Stonewall Inn began allowing women and drag queens inside, Marsha was one of the first drag performers who attened. The bar previously only allowed gay men.<ref name="makinggayhistory" /> The [[Stonewall riots|riots]] began in the very eraly hours of June 28, 1969. While the first two nights saw the most extreme clashes, encounters witht the police eventually resulted in a series of demonstrations and marches through the gay neighborhoods of Greenwich Village for roughly a week afterwards.<ref name="StonewallCarter"></ref>
-Though several witnesses claimed Johnson to have been present when the riots began, and even initiating the fight with the local police<ref name="StonewallCarter"></ref><ref name="Workers"></ref><ref name="marshaNetflix">{{Cite web |url=https://www.netflix.com/title/80189623 |title=The Death and Life of Marsha P. Johnson |date=2017 |archivedate=20220116140807 |author= |work=|publisher=Netflix}}</ref>, she herself denied these statements in 1987. According to Johnson herself, she arrived at the scene "around 02:00" (that morning), after the riots had started. By that time, Johnson stated the Stonewall building had already been set on fire by the police<ref name="makinggayhistory" />, after [[Stormé DeLarverie]] fought back against a police officer who attempted to arrest her that night.<ref name="StonewallCarter"></ref>
-Many different accounts of the night have gone around since, some stating that, after arriving at the scene, Johnson either threw a shot glass at police<ref name="StonewallCarter"></ref>, some going as far as to say Johnson threw the first brick. These claims have been heavily disputed since.<ref name="StonewallCarter"></ref><ref name="NYdailynews">{{Cite web |url=https://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/da-reopens-unsolved-1992-case-involving-saint-gay-life-article-1.1221742 |title="DA reopens unsolved 1992 case involving the 'saint of gay life' |date=December 16, 2012 |archivedate=20220116140807 |author=Jacobs, Shayna |work=|publisher=New York Daily News}}</ref><ref name="marshaNetflix"></ref>  It is however noted, that on the second night of the riots, Marsha climbed up a lamppost and dropped a bag with a brick in it at a police car, shattering the car's windshield in the process.<ref name="StonewallCarter"></ref>
-====Other====
-Following the Stonewall uprising, Johnson joined the Gay Liberation Front and became a very active member.<ref name="ShepardHayduk">{{Cite print |author=Shepard, Benjamin Heim and Hayduk, Ronald |title=From ACT UP to the WTO: Urban Protest and Community Building in the Era of Globalization. |publisher= |date=2002 |isbn=978-1859-8435-67}}</ref>  On the first anniversary of the Stonewall rebellion, on June 28, 1970, Johnson marched in the first [[Gay]] Pride rally, then called the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NYC_Pride_March#Origins Christopher Street Liberation Day]. Shortly after, Johnson and [[Sylvia Rivera]] founded [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_Transvestite_Action_Revolutionaries Street Transvestite Action Revolutionaries] (S.T.A.R.). In 1970, Marsha and Sylvia founded STAR House, a shelter for homeless gay and trans youth.<ref name="STARHouse">{{Cite web |url=https://theclio.com/entry/121132 |title=Site of the STAR House (1970) |date= |archivedate=20220116140807 |author=|work=|publisher=}}</ref> Marsha functioned as a maternal figure to the house's members and assumed the role of the 'House Mother', a longstanding tradition of chosen family in the Black and Latino LGBT community. However, the building where the House resided was evicted and demolished in 1971.<ref name="STARHouse"></ref>Johnson and Rivera became a visible presence in the gay liberation movement.<ref name="Kasino" /> However, in 1973, the two were banned from participating in the Gay Pride Parade after the gay and lesbian committee decided to not allow drag queens to attend, stating they gave the movement a "bad name".<ref name="Kasino"></ref> Johnson and Rivera responded by defiantly marching ahead of the parade.<ref name="Kasino"></ref><ref name="RandolfeWickerXMAS">{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-SDEcv6QtCI |title=Marsha P Johnson Carols for Ma & Pa Xmas Presents |date= |archivedate=20220116140807 |author=Wicker, Randolfe |work=https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCm5n5FRZzuikfP0cYl5jvVQ|publisher=Ranfolfe Wicker}}</ref>
-During another incident around this time, Johnson was confronted by police officers for hustling in New York. When the officers attempted to perform an arrest, Johnson hit them with a handbag, which contained two bricks. When asked by the judge for an explanation for hustling, Johnson claimed to be trying to secure enough money for a tombstone for Johnson's husband. During a time when same-sex marriage was illegal in the United States, the judge asked what "happened to this alleged husband", Johnson responded, "Pig shot him".<ref name="RandolfeWicker"></ref> Initially sentenced to 90 days in prison for the assault, Johnson's lawyer eventually convinced the judge to that Bellevue Hospital would be more suitable.<ref name="RandolfeWicker">{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p3VfKzfHUME |title="MARSHA P JOHNSON "PIGS KILLED MY HUSBAND" |date= |archivedate=20220116140807 |author=Wicker, Randolfe |work=https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCm5n5FRZzuikfP0cYl5jvVQ|publisher=Randolfe Wicker}}</ref>
-==Later life and death==
-Between 1980 and Johnson's death in 1992, Johnson lived with her close friend Randolfe 'Randy' Wicker.<ref name="Kasino"></ref><ref name="marshaNetflix"></ref>When Wicker's lover, David, became terminally ill with AIDS, Johnson became his caregiver. After visiting David and other friends with the virus in the hospital during the [[HIV/AIDS pandemic|AIDS pandemic]], Johnson, who was also HIV-positive, became committed to sitting with the sick and dying, as well as doing street activism with AIDS activist groups including [[ACT UP]].<ref name="marshaNetflix"></ref>
-Marsha remained religious in her later life, often lighting candles and praying at St. Mary's Catholic Church in Hoboken.<ref name="VillageAIDSMemorial">{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pg_Ac0kDsPg |title=Marsha P. Johnson's Connection to the Village AIDS Memorial |date= |archivedate=20220116140807 |author=|work=https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCMrMgKL1RlrkGdMkf7pV_LA|publisher=Village AIDS Memorial}}</ref>Johnson would also make offerings to the saints and spirits in a more personal manner, keeping a private altar at home when possible.<ref name="stonewall1979"></ref> A friend of Marsha once noted: "Marsha would always say she went to the Greek Church, she went to the Catholic Church, she went to the Baptist Church, she went to the Jewish Temple - she said she was covering all angles."<ref name="Kasino"></ref><ref name="VillageAIDSMemorial"></ref>
-Shortly after the 1992 Gay pride parade, Johnson's body was discovered floating in the Hudson River.<ref name="marshaNetflix"></ref> Police initially ruled the death a suicide<ref name="Workers"></ref>, but Johnson's friends and other members of the local community insisted Johnson was not suicidal and noted that the back of Johnson's head had a massive wound.<ref>Wicker, Randolfe (1992) "Bennie Toney 1992".</ref><ref>Wicker, Randolfe (1992) "Marsha P Johnson – People's Memorial".</ref>
-Johnson's suspicious death occurred during a time when Anti-LGBT violence was at a peak in New York City, including bias crime by police.<ref name="marshaNetflix"></ref> Johnson was one of the activists who had been drawing attention to this epidemic of violence against the community, participating in marches and other activism to demand justice for victims, and an inquiry into how to stop the violence.<ref name="marshaNetflix"></ref> Johnson had been speaking out against the "dirty cops" and elements of organized crime that many believed responsible for some of these assaults and murders, and had even voiced the concern that some of what Randy Wicker was stirring up, and pulling Johnson into, "could get you murdered."<ref name="marshaNetflix"></ref> This added to the suspicions of foul play and possible murder.<ref name="marshaNetflix"></ref>
-Johnson's body was cremated and, following a funeral at a local church, and a march down Seventh Avenue, friends released Johnson's ashes over the Hudson river, off the Christopher Street Piers. Police allowed Seventh Avenue to be closed while Johnson's ashes were carried to the river. After the funeral, a series of demonstrations and marches to the police precinct took place, to demand justice for Johnson.<ref name="Kasino"></ref>
-==Postmortem==
-According to Sylvia Rivera, their friend Bob Kohler believed Johnson had committed suicide due to an ever-increasing fragile state, which Rivera herself disputed, claiming she and Johnson had "made a pact" to "cross the 'River Jordan' (aka Hudson River) together". Those who were close to Johnson considered the death suspicious; many claimed that while Johnson did struggle mentally, this did not manifest itself as suicidal ideation.<ref name="marshaNetflix"></ref> Randy Wicker later said that Johnson may have hallucinated and walked into the river, or may have jumped into the river to escape harassers, but stated that Johnson was never suicidal.<ref name="Kasino"></ref><ref name="NYTimes"></ref>
-In 2016, Victoria Cruz of the Anti-Violence Project also tried to get Johnson's case reopened, and succeeded in gaining access to previously-unreleased documents and witness statements.<ref name="VanityFair">{{Cite web |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2017/10/the-death-and-life-of-marsha-p-johnson-victoria-cruz |title=Meet the Transgender Activist Fighting to Keep Marsha P. Johnson’s Legacy Alive |date=October 3, 2017 |archivedate=20220116140807 |author=Desta, Yohana|work=https://www.vanityfair.com/contributor/yohana-desta|publisher=Vanity Fair}}</ref> She sought out new interviews with witnesses, friends, other activists, and police who had worked the case or had been on the force at the time of Johnson's probable murder. Some of her work to find justice for Johnson was filmed by David France for the 2017 documentary The Death and Life of Marsha P. Johnson.<ref name="marshaNetflix"></ref>
-==Tributes==
-<gallery position="center" orientation="landscape" widths="200" hideaddbutton="true">
-MarshaP.Johnson Bust.jpg|Bust of Marsha P. Johnson<br>(New York City, New York, USA)
-MarshaP.Johnson Mural.jpg|Mural for Marsha P. Johnson<br>(New York City, New York, USA)
-MarshaP.Johnson Street Art.jpg|Street Art depicting Marsha P. Johnson<br>(Berkely, California, USA)
-MarshaP.Johnson Google.jpg|Google Doodle for Pride Month 2020<ref name="VanityFair">{{Cite web |url=https://www.google.com/doodles/celebrating-marsha-p-johnson |title=Celebrating Marsha P. Johnson |date=June 30, 2020 |archivedate=20220116140807|publisher=Google}}</ref>
-MarshaP.Johnson NikkieTutorials.jpg|[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikkie_de_Jager NikkieTutorials] paying tribute to Marsha P. Johnson for the 2021 MET Gala<ref name="MarshaMET">{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ggt6hQToB4U |title=YouTuber NikkiTutorials pays tribute to activist Marsha P. Johnson at the MET Gala  |date=June 30, 2020 |archivedate=20220116140807|publisher=Good Morning America}}</ref>
-</gallery>
-==Media==
-{{Stub|section}}
-===Literature===
-*[https://www.amazon.com/Stonewall-Riots-That-Sparked-Revolution/dp/0312671938 Stonewall: The Riots that Sparked the Gay Revolution.] | David Carter
-===Film===
-*[https://www.netflix.com/title/80189623 The Death and Life of Marsha P. Johnson] | Netflix
-===Television===
-*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nLEOK_i5X00 Marsha P. Johnson Sparks the Stonewall Riots] | Drunk History
-==References==
-{{Scroll|{{Reflist}}}}
-[[Category:History]]